SOLAR SERDAR - CENTAR OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE

Solarni vakumski kolektor s vakumskim cijevima najnovije tehnologije omogućuje grijanje vode čak i tijekom zimskih mjeseci ili po potpuno oblačnom vremenu te predstavlja odličan izbor za grijanje tople vode u pasivnim kućama. Visoki vakum u vakumskim cijevima solarnog vakumskog kolektora čini solarni vakumski kolektor višestruko učinkovitijim od klasičnog kolektora. Konstrukcija solarnog vakumskog kolektora predstavlja najnoviju tehnologiju izrade vakumskih cijevi promjera 100mm i suhog spoja unutar kolektora. Solarni vakumski kolektor svojim učinkom nadmašuju sve ostale tipove kolektora čak i zimi. Najnovija 4. generacija solarnog vakumskog kolektora maksimalno je učinkovita tijekom cijele godine, ne samo tijekom ljetnih mjeseci.



Korištenjem tehnologije suhe grijačeg spoja unutar vakumske cijevi, solarni vakumski kolektor osigurava nam korištenje zagrijane tople vode čak i zimi, po oblačnim danima kad su drugi solarni kolektori neupotrebljivi.

Srce svakog solarnog vakumskog kolektora je staklena vakumska cijev. U njoj je namješteno pet osnovnih dijelova kojima je zadaća da absorbiraju solarno zračenje i pretvaraju ga u toplinu.Više na solarserdar@gmail.com.

Kondezator
Na vrhu Heta Pipe cijevi nalazi se kondezator koji se suhim spojem spaja s toplinskim kolektorom
Heat Pipe (toplinska cijev)
Heat Pipe je cijev koja se prostire po cijeloj duljini absorbera. To je toplinski element s visokim stupnjem toplinske vodljivosti 4000 – 8000 više od srebra, kovine koja najbolje prenosi toplinu. Toplina se iz absorbera prenosi na Heat Pipe u kojem se nalazi specijalan medij koji ima svojstvo da se može konstantno pretvarati iz plinovitog u tekuće stanje i obratno čak i pri nižim temperaturama. Kad se medij zagrije visoka temperatura putuje gore prema kondezatoru koji zagrijava vodu u toplinskom kolektoru, koji se nalazi na vrhu kolektora i u kojem su uronjene Heat Pipe cijevi.
Absorber
Izraden je iz čistog aluminija visoke kvalitete. Namijenjen je upijanju i prijenosu sunčeve energije. Apsorber je tretiran aluminij-nitridnim selektivnim premazom kako bi se postigla najviša učinkovitost prijenosa topline. Premaz se nanosi pomoću magnetske tehnike raspršivanja. Ovaj posebni optički premaz transformira više od 92% dolaznog zračenje u toplinu.
Staklena cijev
Izrađena je iz borosilikatnog stakla koji ima veliku otpornost na udarce i tuču. Niska količina željeza omogućava visoki postotak prolaska sunčevog zračenja kroz staklo.
Visoki vakum
Da bi se smanjio gubitak topline konvekcijom, staklene cijevi su evakuirane u vakuumu pod pritiskom <10-5 mbar. Solarni vakumski kolektori 4. generacije koriste patentiranu tehniku korištenja visoke temperature i pritiska da se osigura nepropustan spoj stakla na metal vakuumske brtve. Kako bi zadržali stabilnost vakuuma za dugi period koristi se barijev tzv. "živi oganj". Evakuiranjem zraka iz staklene cijevi apsorbera sav materijal i selektivni premaz su zaštićeni od korozije i drugih utjecaja okoline.

Apsorber i Heat Pipe cijevi su instalirani u visoko stabilnu borosilikatnu vakuumsku staklenu cijev. To spriječava oštećenje i gubitak topline koji se javlja u konvencionalnim solarnim kolektorima.Više na solarserdar@gmail.com.

Kako bi se osigurala visoka učinkovitost apsorpcije, a pogotovo za oblačnih dana. Absorber je tretiran aluminij-nitridnim selektivnim premazom.
Solarni vakumski kolektori absorbiraju veliki dio sunčeve energije pri niskom intezitetu svjetlosti, npr. Kod 200Wm2 kolektori ce lako osigurati 58% učinkovitosti i podignuti temperaturu medija preko 20°C iznad vanjske temperature.



Solarni vakumski kolektori odlikuju se dugotrajnim zadržavanjem topline. Solarni vakumski kolektori imaju cijevi koje su visokovakumirane te sprjecavaju gubitak topline iz cijevi. Emisijski gubici su minimalni. Vakumske cijevi su opremljene toplinskom diodom koja potpuno sprjecava povratak topline iz toplinskog kolektora nazad prema absorberu.

SOLAR SERDAR
CENTAR ALTERNATIVNIH IZVORA ENERGIJE
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - HISTORY OF THE SOLAR INDUSTRY

SOLAR SERDAR
The history of the solar industry and SolarWorld are intermixed, each with one foot squarely positioned in the United States and the other in Germany – the two markets that have led the industry’s development. In the U.S., SolarWorld began as ARCO Solar. Siemens and Shell then owned the unit before SolarWorld bought it.

1954 – Bell Labs announces invention of the first modern silicon solar cells, with energyconversion efficiency of about 6 percent.

1955 – Western Electric licences commercial solar cell technologies.

1957 – AT&T employees Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin and Calvin S. Fuller receive patent US2780765, “Solar Energy Converting Apparatus.”

1958 – Hoffman Electronics- Semiconductor Division creates 9%-efficient solar cells. Vanguard 1, the first solar-powered satellite, is launched with .1 watt solar panel.

1960 – Hoffman Electronics creates a 14%-efficient solar cell.

1961 – United Nations stages “Solar Energy in the Developing World” conference.

1962 – The Telstar communications satellite is powered by solar cells.

1963 – Viable photovoltaic module is produced out of silicon solar cells.

1964 – Yale University Press publishes Farrington Daniels’ landmark book, “Direct Use of the Sun’s Energy.”

1967 – Soyuz 1 becomes first manned spacecraft using solar.

1973 – Solar cells power Skylab, the first U.S. space station.

1974 – A home in New Mexico is the world’s first to be powered only by solar and wind energy.

1977 – Engineer and entrepreneur Bill Yerkes sells startup Solar Technology International to Atlantic Richfield Co., forming ARCO Solar.

1979 – In Camarillo, Calif., ARCO Solar dedicates world’s largest PV factory to making silicon crystal ingots, wafers, photovoltaic cells and modules.

1980 – ARCO Solar becomes first company to produce more than 1 megawatt of PV modules in one year.

1982 – ARCO Solar commissions world’s first 1 MW grid-connected PV installation.

1985 – Australia’s University of New South Wales creates silicon cells with 20% efficiency in laboratory.

1990 – Siemens acquires ARCO Solar, forming Siemens Solar.

1996 – Siemens Solar celebrates 100 MW of installed power from modules made in Camarillo.

1997 – Siemens becomes first company to offer 25-year warranty.

1998 – SolarWorld forms as startup business, entering Germany’s burgeoning solar market.

1999 – Germany requires utilities to pay “feed-in tariffs” at fixed premium rates to owners of solar systems for power contributed into grid.

2002 – Royal Dutch Shell acquires Siemens Solar, creating Shell Solar.

2006 – SolarWorld aquires Shell Solar.

2007 – Investors begin offering free installation in return for long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs), which become common financing arrangements.

2008 – SolarWorld opens 480,000 square-foot plant in Hillsboro, investing $500 million to establish 500 MW of annual capacity and 1,000 employees there.
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR preporuča BOSCH (croatian text)

SOLAR SERDAR
Solarna energija

Sunčeva energija usmjerena je budućnosti. Solarnim sustavom možete pružiti svoj doprinos zaštiti klime, te smanjiti troškove energije bez da se odreknete komfora. Moderan solarni sustav Bosch djelotvorno pretvara sunčevu energiju u toplinu grijanja i tople vode - i to ne samo kada sija sunce.

Bez obzira koji oblik energije danas koristite – solarni sustav za pripremu tople vode smisleno je prikladan za gotovo svako domaćinstvo. Radi li se o starogradnji ili novogradnji: solarni sustav može proširiti postojeći sustav grijanja ili sunčevom energijom optimirati novo rješenje grijanja. Solarni sustav Bosch može se, primjerice, izvanredno kombinirati s plinskim kondenzacijskim sustavom grijanja. Takav sustav radi izuzetno učinkovito.
Primjena

* okomita montaža na kosi i ravni krov

Energetska učinkovitost, -troškovi

* Posebice ekonomično zbog izvrsnog odnosa cijene i radnih karakteristika

Komfor rukovanja

* bez održavanja

Sustavna primjena

* Kombinacija s različitim uređajima za proizvodnju topline

Instalacija

* Jednostavna montaža uslijed standardiziranih utičnih priključaka
* Transportni uglovi za siguran transport na krov
* Dugotrajan, lagan i stabilan uslijed okvira od staklenih vlakana
* Prostorno štedljiv zahvaljujući kompaktnim izmjerama

Komfor
i privlačna cijena

Dokazana tehnika, dugotrajna prevlaka otporna na trošenje i dobre vrijednosti radnih karakteristika po privlačnoj cijeni ističu našu seriju Comfort Solar 5000 TF. Staklena vlakna, otporan i lagan materijal okvira, zajedno s apsorberom izrađenim u obliku trake, značajno smanjuje masu solarnog kolektora. Rezultat: izuzetno laka montaža i manje nosećeg tereta za Vaš krov.

Privlačan izgled
i uvjerljiva snaga.

Ime ovih kolektora predstavlja program: visokoselektivna plava prevlaka sjaji uz izvrsnu snagu i minimalno tolinsko zračenje. Okvir ojačan staklenim vlaknima uvjerljivo je kvalitetan s malenom masom. Zahvaljujući višestrukim mogućnostima priključka, Solar 7000 TF se jednostavno nosi i s teškim uvjetima. Visokokvalitetan priključni pribor i privlačan izgled upotpunjuju sliku: radi se o kolektoru za najviše zahtjeve!
* Maksimalan prijenos topline zbog bakrenog apsorbera preko cijele površine i geometrije apsorbera u obliku dvostrukog meandra
* Izvrsna snaga zbog pomoću visokoselektivne vakuumske prevlake Odgovarajući izgled i visokovrijedna priključna tehnika od nehrđajućeg čelika.
Energetska učinkovitost značajna je za zaštitu klime

Fosilna ili obnovljiva energija? Saznajte koje su razlike između različitih izvora energije. Jer, o tome koji izvor energije koristite u Vašem domu i koliko je pritom primijenjena tehnika učinkovita, ne utječe samo na Vaše izdatke, nego i na našu klimu. Posebno energetski učinkovitim rješenjima možete doprinijeti zaštiti klime, jer ćete njihovom primjenom smanjiti ispust štetnog stakleničkog plina CO2. Saznajte više o međusobnom odnosu emisije CO2 i klimatskih promjena, te kako na to možet utjecati svojim CO2-neutralnim sustavom grijanja.
Učinkovite primjene i rješenja za Vaš dom

Koje su Vam komponente potrebne za solarni sustav namijenjen proizvodnji topline? Gdje se instalira dizalica topline? Koliko prostora zahtijeva plinsko kondenzacijsko grijanje? Prolazom kroz našu energetski učinkovitu kuću možete pronaći odgovore na Vaša pitanja, kao i mnoštvo važnih informacija koje će Vam pomoći u odluci za učinkoviti sustav grijanja.
Odgovoran odnos prema prirodi i okolišu predstavlja značajan cilj poduzeća. Jer ako okoliš i klima ostanu nezaštićeni, razumije se da to šteti i budućnosti poduzeća kao što je Bosch. Stoga nismo usmjereni samo razvoju energetski učinkovitih, inovativnih i za okoliš prihvatljivih proizvoda za naše kupce, nego slijedimo također i načelo održivog
razvoja na svakom proizvodnom mjestu i u svim radnim procesima.
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - WIND TURBINE

SOLAR SERDAR - WIND TURBINE
In most locations, GENTLE winds (5-15 mph) are the most common, and strong winds are much more rare. As you'll see by examining our latest machines, our philosophy about designing wind turbines is to make large, sturdy machines that produce good power in low wind speeds, and are able to survive high wind events while still producing maximum power. The power available in the wind goes up by a factor of 8 as the windspeed doubles.
Other critical factors are rotor size and tower height. The power a wind turbine can harvest goes up by at least a factor of 4 as you double the rotor size. And making a tower higher gets you above turbulence for better performance and substially increased power output. Putting a wind turbine on a short tower is like mounting solar panels in the shade! More info at solarserdar@gmail.com.
Wind turbines are used to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. Historical they were more frequently used as a mechanical device to turn machinery. There are two main kinds of wind generators, those with a vertical axis, and those with a horizontal axis. Wind turbines can be used to generate large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and offshore.
How much electricity is produced?
The newer turbines expanded the capacity of the Buffalo Mountain site to 29 megawatts of generation, or enough to power about 3,780 homes. They are about 260 feet tall, and the blades are 135 feet long. They have a capacity of 1.8 megawatts each. The three original turbines, with a capacity of 660 kilowatts each, are 213 feet tall, and their blades are 75 feet long. Generally, the higher the tower, the better the access to the wind.

How is wind energy generated?
A turbine and switchgear are mounted at the top of each tower in a casing called a nacelle, and blades are attached to the turbine. The turbines use moving air to produce power by transferring the wind’s momentum to the rotor blades and localizing that energy in a single rotating shaft. The larger turbines rotate at about 15 revolutions per minute. Transformers in the nacelles step up the power to 35 kilovolts (kV), and it’s stepped up again to 161 kV at the substation located on the mountain. The substation connects to an existing TVA transmission line. The three smaller turbines are connected to the TVA system through a partnership arrangement with Clinton Utilities Board.More info at solarserdar@gmail.com.

Do wind turbines produce electricity all the time?
Energy is generated when the wind speed reaches about 10 miles per hour, and a speed of 25 miles per hour allows the turbines to generate at their rated capacity. They shut down when the wind exceeds 55 miles per hour. Although wind speed varies according to the time of day, season, height above ground, and terrain, the proper placement of a wind turbine in a breezy location away from large obstructions enhances its performance.

Are the wind turbines noisy?
Large modern turbines are very quiet. At distances of more than 650 feet, the swishing sound of the rotor blades is usually masked completely by wind noise in the leaves of trees or shrubs. The turbine sites will be distant enough from neighbors so that people won’t hear any sound at all unless they’re standing close to the towers.

Will the turbines interfere with radio and TV signals?
No. In fact, some turbines even double as communications towers — for cellular phone transmitters, among other things. The turbine blades are made not of metal but of glass-reinforced epoxy (a material similar to fiberglass), and the turbines are equipped with asynchronous (brushless) generators that don’t create any electrical disturbance. For these reasons the turbines that will be used in the green power program will cause no electromagnetic interference and won’t disrupt radio or television signals.
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - OBNOVLJIVI IZVORI ENERGIJE

SOLAR SERDAR - OBNOVLJIVI IZVORI ENERGIJE 

Sve veći broj stanovnika znači i sve veću potražnju za energijom i Europa već razmišlja o načinima kako zadovoljiti buduću glad za energijom. Jedno od tih budućih energetskih rješenja mogla bi vrlo lako postati Afrika, odnosno preciznije područje Sahare u sjevernoj Africi. Tako se nešto dalo naslutiti iz priopćenja Deserteca, organizacije fokusirane na razvoj obnovljivih izvora energije za Europu, Aziju i Bliski istok. Ova poznata kompanija vjeruje da su beskrajna pustinjska prostranstva Sahare u sjevernoj Africi savršena za iskorištavanje solarne energije i da sve što još treba jesu novac i dalji planovi za iskorištavanje tog potencijala. Desertec je već objavio planove da skupi financijska sredstva potrebna ne samo za istraživanje nego i za razvoj tehnologija. Prema njihovim procjenama takav bi projekt koštao oko 600 milijardi dolara. Usprkos tom velikom početnom kapitalu potrebnom za iskorištavanje Sahare mnogi vjeruju da bi takav projekt bio isplativ zbog ogromnog potencijala.

Više info na solarserdar@gmail.com. 

 Kako bi ideja oko iskorištavanja solarne energije funkcionirala? Osnovna ideja je da bi solarni paneli trebali biti konstruirani tako da koncentriraju sunčevu zraku na jednu točku. To znači da bi solarni paneli ustvari trebali biti kompjuterizirani kako bi se postigla maksimalna efikasnost. Sunčeva energija grije vodu koja zatim stvara paru potrebnu za pogon turbina, a dodatna pogodnost ovog procesa bila bi desalinizacija vode. Ovaj projekt bi povrh svega trebao i osigurati mnoštvo novih poslova u ovom siromašnom dijelu svijeta. Solarna energija kao i svaki drugi obnovljivi izvor energije znači manje emisija ugljičnog dioksida i manje potražnje za fosilnim gorivima. Ekološki prihvatljivi izvori energije su točno ono što svijet treba ukoliko želi izbjeći najgore od klimatskih promjena. Ukoliko bi se Sahara koristila kao obnovljivi izvor energije to bi značilo znatno manje ugljičnog dioksida od Europske unije, i naravno manje emisija na globalnom nivou. Solarna energija ima pred sobom još puno istraživanja kako bi osigurala maksimalnu efikasnost i prihvatljive troškove koji su još uvijek prilično veliki no valja također istaknuti kako se solarna tehnologija sve više i više usavršava pogotovo sada kada svijet nastoji suzbiti nadolazeće klimatske promjene. Desertecova ideja nije samo prikladna za Sjevernu Afriku nego također i za Ameriku, Australiju i mnoga druga područja koja imaju dovoljnu količinu sunčeve svjetlosti. 

U teoriji sva područja oko ekvatora imaju dovoljno sunčevog zračenja kroz cijelu godinu i mogla bi iskorištavati znatno više energije Sunca nego što to čine danas. Svijet jednostavno mora potražiti nove izvore energije jer fosilna goriva nisu ni ekološki prihvatljiva niti će trajati zauvijek tako da svijet doista treba novi energetski plan za buduću potrošnju energije. Solarna energija je jedan od tih izvora sa ogromnim potencijalom koja bi uz adekvatno istraživanje mogla postati jedan od glavnih izvora energije u godinama koje dolaze. 

 CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (CCRES) 

• was founded in 1988 as the non-profit European Association for Renewable Energy that conducts its work independently of political parties, institutions, commercial enterprises and interest groups, • is dedicated to the cause of completely substituting for nuclear and fossil energy through renewable energy, • regards solar energy supply as essential to preserve the natural resources and a prerequisite for a sustainable economy,• acts to change conventional political priorities and common infrastructures in favor of renewable energy, from the local to the international level, • brings together expertise from the fields of politics, economy, science, and culture to promote the entry of solar energy, • provides the opportunity to play a part in the sociocultural movement for renewable energy by joining the association for everyone, • considers full renewable energy supply a momentous and visionary goal - the challenge of the century to humanity.

CCRES 

 Zeljko Serdar,  head of association 

 solarserdar@gmail.com 

SOLAR SERDAR - POWER SUPPLIER

SOLAR SERDAR - POWER SUPPLIER
“The sun and its enormous power will play a decisive role for future energy production.” You would not expect such words from Wulf Bernotat, the boss of major German energy supplier Eon. Until now, he has stuck up for nuclear and carbon energy above all, but not for solar energy which has not been considered profitable. In the meantime, the energy manager has changed his mind: In June, Eon commissioned its first solar park with five megawatt capacity in the South France’s Le Lauzet. A month later, the Düsseldorf corporation acquired Conilhac, a developer of solar power stations in South France. By 2011, Eon wants to invest eight billion EUR for the development of renewable energies – a considerable part of which will be for photovoltaics, as Bernotat emphasises.

Eon is just one of many power suppliers, who are suddenly focusing on the sun. Throughout the world, providers (major corporations and smaller regional suppliers) are investing in photovoltaic projects, partly planning giant solar power stations with capacities of several dozen megawatts. Since the end of 2008, modules have become up to 40 percent cheaper. As a result, almost competitive power can be produced in sunny regions,” claims Henning Wicht, analyst of Munich market researcher iSuppli, about the run on solar technology.

Big business in America
Especially in the USA, energy providers are taking advantage of this “shining hour” to refresh their fossil portfolio with green energy. In California, for example, power customers in peak usage times had to pay almost half a dollar per kilowatt hour – in solar parks, solar energy can already be manufactured cheaper than this. In addition, photovoltaics are attractively promoted in the USA: Using the Investment Tax Credit, investors can deduct up to 30 percent of the investment total of commissioning the solar plant from the payable tax. Furthermore, 50 billion dollars are expected to flow into renewable energy from President Obama’s $787 billion economic stimulus package – and consequently boost the construction of photovoltaic power stations.More info at
solarserdar@gmail.com.

The San Francisco-based energy provider Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) is already investing strongly: It wants to buy energy from two photovoltaic power stations with 800 MW overall capacity from the two American solar companies First Solar and Sunpower. These power stations are to be built in California’s San Luis Obispo. The first plant which Sunpower is equipping with 250 MW crystalline modules should be producing energy by 2010. The commissioning of the second, for which First Solar is providing 550 MW thin-film modules, is planned for 2011. PG&E wants to provide 240,000 people with solar energy from San Luis Obispo. In the meantime, other energy providers are ordering modules from First Solar. “We are currently negotiating with various power providers about a project with 1,300 MW overall capacity, made up from several individual projects,” says company spokesperson Brandon Mitchener.

In Europe too, energy providers want to tap into the sun more intensely. “The EU Guideline for Renewable Energies obligated power providers to increase their percentage of green energy. Now is a favourable opportunity to do this,” says Markus Wackerbeck, analyst at EuPD Research. French EdF, Iberdola in Spain and Enel in Italy are already active in the regenerative area but want to increase their proportion of green energy. Rome-based Enel for example has founded a joint venture with photovoltaic manufacturer Sharp for this reason, the goal of which is to construct a thin-film production site with 160 MW annual capacity in Rome. Production should be installed directly on-site. “The alliance wants to install solar plants with 161 MW of total capacity in Southern Italy by 2011,” says Sharp PR associate Reinhard Buchner.More
info at solarserdar@gmail.com.

Public utilities invest in solar parks
In the race for the highest percentage of green energy, Eon wants to close the gap on the leading group quickly: By 2015, the corporation is planning to increase the percentage of renewable energy in its electricity mix from three to eleven percent. The regenerative production capacity should then amount to ten GW. Even smaller energy suppliers are increasing their percentage of solar power: In June, the Rhineland-Palatinate-based Juwi Group, which specialises in renewable energies, commissioned the Holzgünz Solar Park in the Unterallgäu region with 4.7 MW capacity for Stawag Solar GmbH, a subsidiary of the Stadtwerke Aachen (public utilities). The power station, which cost about 15 million EUR and is made up of First Solar thin-film modules, will create more than five million kilowatt hours of energy every year – enough to provide about 1,500 households. Together, Juwi and Stawag want to plan and operate more solar power stations. Similar cooperations have already been started with the Stadtwerke Mainz, Pfalzwerke in Ludwigshafen and Mainz-based Rhein-Hessen Energie.

For the solar industry, the green power commitment of energy providers comes just at the right moment. The financial crisis and sudden decrease in solar payments in Spain have caused dramatic decline in the demand for modules. Therefore, manufacturers and their suppliers have had to curtail their production, going into the red in some cases. Eon & Co are alleviating their situation: Producers are once again thinking about expansion, suppliers of turnkey production lines are dusting down their plans for modern gigawatt factories, the workshops of machinery and plant manufacturers are gradually refilling. Many of the technical production innovations and innovative factory concepts of equippers will be on display between 28 September and 01 October 2010 at the solarpeq trade fair for solar production equipment in Düsseldorf.

Manufacturers are becoming all-rounders
However, the entry of energy providers into solar energy is ensuring changes on the photovoltaic market. “The architecture up to now is beginning to falter,” says Wackerbeck. Many providers have sought partners, from whom they can buy solar power on the basis of long-term service level agreements; they want nothing to do with the planning, construction and operation of the power stations themselves. Manufacturers who want to do business with new major clients must therefore change their business model and develop competences in the fields of projection and power marketing. This requires capital and time; however, anyone who ignores this market trend will be threatened with sales problems. Manufacturers such as BP Solar, First Solar and Sunpower have already succeeded in the balancing act. In Germany, Q-Cells, for example, is working on this. One subsidiary of this East-German cell manufacturer offers photovoltaic power stations, which it equips with technology from its parent company. Another sells the energy generated there.

If manufacturers are becoming project managers at the same time, the air will get thinner for traders and system integrators; then partners will become competitors who tout for the same customers. However, classic project managers are not without a chance: One possible survival strategy would be to form a coalition with powerful partners. Juwi already cooperates with public utility companies – perhaps soon with corporations like Eon as well.

SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR preporuča SOLARIS SLA220M

SOLAR SERDAR
preporuča
Solaris SLA220M

Novi foto-naponski moduli serije SLA predstavljaju dugogodišnje napore Solarisa da se u što manje prostora dobije što veća snaga. Moduli su sastavljeni od 60 visokoučinkovitih ćelija od monokristalnog silicija koje su međusobno serijski spojene. Rezultat toga je više proizvedene energije u reduciranom prostoru kojeg zauzimaju moduli. Takvi se moduli mogu koristiti za mrežne sisteme i osmišljeni su za rad u najnepovoljnijim uvjetima. To im omogućuje kaljeno staklo od 3,2 mm koje izdrži tuču i okvir od anodiziranog aluminija.

Svaka pojedina ćelija i modul prolazi višestruke kontrole kvalitete u svakoj fazi proizvodnje. Certificiranje prema normi IEC 61215/61646 je u postupku.

Kako je tipičan vijek trajanja preko 30 godina Solaris na svoje module daje garanciju 25 godina na 80% snage.
Dizajn
Prednja strana kaljeno staklo 3,2 mm
Tehnologija ćelija monokristalni silicij
Dimenzije ćelija 156 mm x 156 mm
Broj ćelija 60 komada
Laminacija EVA
Stražnja strana tedlar
Okvir anodizirani aluminij
Spojna kutija Tyco
By-pass diode 3 komada SL1010
Električne karakteristike (prema STC: 1000W/m2, 25°C, AM 1,5)
Tip modula SLA210M SLA220M
Maksimalna snaga (PMAX) 210 Wp 220 Wp
Maksimalni napon (VMAX) 29,6 V 30,0 V
Maksimalna struja (IMAX) 7,1 A 7,3 A
Napon praznog hoda (VOC) 36,2 V 36,6 V
Struja kratkog spoja (ISC) 8,1 A 8,2 A
Maksimalni napon sistema 715 V 715 V
Tolerancija snage ± 2 % ± 2 %

SOLAR SERDAR
solarserda@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - PROIZVODNJA ALTERNATIVNE ENERGIJE

SOLAR SERDAR
Proizvodnja alternativnih izvora energije:
Globalna budućnost
Sljedećih 10 godina na svjetskoj će se razini pet puta povećati kapacitet vjetroelektrana, dok je biodizel već proklamiran kao alternativno gorivo broj jedan. Hrvatska će se s obzirom na pretpristupne ugovore sa EU morati dobrano adaptirati u proizvodnji alternativnih izvora energije, osobito što se potonjeg energenta tiče
Strah od poremećaja u opskrbi klasičnih energenata proteklih je nekoliko mjeseci uvelike nadišao u ovom kontekstu specifični prostor europskih zemalja, gdje je primjerice u posljednje dvije godine, gotovo polovina ispitanih izvršnih direktora kompanija toga sektora rekla da su prekid isporuka električne energije i poremećaji, zbog poznatog „ukrajinskog energetskog slučaja“ u opskrbi plinom, učestaliji nego što je to bio slučaj prije pet godina. Politička i gospodarska nestabilnost u zemljama koje Europu opskrbljuju plinom te izdaci za zaštitu okoliša, istaknuti su kao glavni razlozi povećanog rizika u sve veće ulaganje novih, alternativnih izvora, od kojih se proizvodi električna ili pak pogonska energija.

O reformi energetskog sektora u kontekstu obnovljivih izvora energije i energetske učinkovitosti, već se nekoliko posljednjih godina ozbiljno razgovara, dok se na Starom kontinentu paralelno s tim razvijaju konkretni programi, grade potrebne infrastrukture i ulažu milijuni eura kako bi se što prije i što dugoročnije kreirala energetska nezavisnost od zemalja u neposrednoj blizini koje dominiraju ovim tržištem.

Shodno ovim najavama, recentna studija Njemačkog instituta za energiju (DEWI) je pokazala kako će se kapacitet vjetroelektrana; jednog od popularnijih 'ekoloških' načina dobivanja električne energije, u sljedećih 10 godina čak peterostruko uvećati na svjetskoj razini. Najveći pobornici programa instalacije vjetroelektrana, koji između ostalog sjede u Bruxellesu, kao glavnu tezu ističu recentne primjere država gdje je gradnja istih u punom zamahu, a s pozitivnim ishodima.

Vjetroelektrane u Italiji koje opskrbljivaju ukupno 40 tisuća stanovnika, pouzdano otklanjaju 27 tisuća tona ugljikova dioksida godišnje, koliko bi bilo ispušteno tradicionalnim gorivom. Prošle je godine u svijetu instalirano 20 tisuća megavata kapaciteta vjetroelektrana, dok SAD i u ovom tipu proizvodnje energije dobrano prednjači pred drugim zemljama. Potom dolaze države, mahom članice Europske unije.

U Europi je naime, u vjetroelektranama instalirano 56.535 MW snage, što je za sada četiri posto ukupnog europskog tržišta. Njemačka prednjači po broju elektrana (22 tisuće MW), ali i po broju zaposlenih u tom sektoru; preko 80 tisuća radnika, dok potom slijede Španjolska, Danska, Francuska itd.

U Hrvatskoj na energiju koja se dobiva vjetroelektranama otpada tek 17 MW, a za sada se proizvodi na dvije lokacije; vjetroelektrana Ravne I na Pagu, sa sedam vjetroturbina ukupne snage 5,95 megavata (MW) i vjetroelektrana Trtar-Krtolin, na brdu iznad Šibenika, s 14 vjetroturbina ukupne snage 11,2 MW. U sljedećih nekoliko godina očekuje se izgradnja vjetroelektrana na nekoliko lokacija ( Ćićarija i Vrataruša iznad Senja), a s namjerom finalnog dobivanja1500 MW energije.

Dio je to dugoročnijeg plana Europske unije, koja je zakonski regulirala odluku da do 2020., od ukupno potrošene energije u EU, 21 posto treba biti iz obnovljivih izvora. Prednost i potencijal Hrvatske u ovom kontekstu očituje se u zemljopisnom položaju; priobalnom dijelu Hrvatske, otocima te u gorskom zaleđu pogodnom za stvaranje energije od vjetra. Nadležno je Ministarstvo prije dvije godine započelo s implementacijom programa vjetroelektrana, inače EU Direktive-u hrvatsko zakonodavstvo, a rok finaliziranja je 31. prosinac 2008.

Ostvare li se svi najavljeni projekti, Hrvatska će već 2010. godine raspolagati sa šest vjetroelektrana ukupne snage 171,65 MW, a kako ukupna instalirana snaga elektrana iznosi 3745 MW, radilo bi se o 4.5% instalirane snage iz vjetroelektrana.

I dok se u spomenutom energetskom sektoru nazire sve veće iskorištavanje prirodnih resursa, drugi alternativni izvori energije i dalje su prilično zapostavljeni, s obzirom na postojeći kapacitet koji nadilazi većinu zemalja našeg šireg dijapazona. Hrvatska se primjerice u pogledu upotrebe sunčane energije nalazi na samom dnu Europe, u smislu instaliranih solarnih sustava, sa prošlogodišnjom cifrom od oko 15.000 i 20.000 četvornih metara sunčevih kolektora, dok su izvori geotermalne vode, pogodni za dobivanje električne energije, grijanje zgrada, naselja i staklenika, i dalje aspekt nešto daljnje budućnosti.Više informacija na solarserdar@gmail.com.

Proizvodnja biogoriva također je dio dugoročnog plana svih razvijenih svjetskih zemalja, a aktualizirana je početkom ove godine, zbog trenda visokih cijena nafte, kojima se u ovom smislu ne nazire kraj. Najnovije izvješće Organizacije za ekonomsku suradnju i razvoj govore kako će globalna proizvodnja biogoriva, čije se inačice proizvode najviše od žitarica a uz velike državne subvencije, u sljedećih deset godina dosegnuti rekordnih 125 milijardi litara.

Kao dugoročnu alternativu klasičnim naftnim derivatima i samim time 'alternativu štetnosti po okoliš', kako ističu zagovornici ovog programa, Europska unija već nekoliko godina promovira upravo biodizel, dok je uvjerljivo najveći potrošač SAD, koji je u zakonskim regulativama, kao jedan od načina uspostavljanja potpune energetske suverenosti, najstriktnije definirao povećanje postotka korištenja ovog iznimno populariziranog energenta.

Svaka zemlja članica EU je postavila svoje ciljeve udjela biogoriva u ukupnom udjelu goriva koje mora ispuniti te svake godine podnosi izvješće Europskoj komisiji o ispunjenju zadanih ciljeva, a u suprotnom, plaćaju se penali. Prema predviđanjima, do 2010. godine, u EU će 10 milijuna hektara biti rezervirano za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju namjenjenu isključivo za biodizel, s namjerom da do 2020. godine 20 posto cjelokupnog goriva koje se u Uniji koristi bude biodizel. Hrvatska vlada je donijela i Uredbu o kakvoći biogoriva prema kojem je određen cilj stavljanja u promet biogoriva na domaće tržište od 5,75% u ukupnom udjelu goriva koji se treba ostvariti tijekom sljedeće dvije godine, što je otprilike 150.000 tona biogoriva.

Međutim, ostaje činjenica kako će porastom korištenja biodizela, proporcionalno rasti i cijena žitarica, što će velikim dijelom utjecati i na glađu pogođene zemlje trećeg svijeta. Upravo to je glavni razlog oponentima ove ideje, koji u zadnje vrijeme ne dolaze samo iz međunarodnih humanitarnih krugova, a smatraju kako će ovaj globalni paradoks malo učiniti za najavljivani balans između očuvanja okoliša i prosperiteta gospodarstava, primjerice južnoameričkih zemalja-najvećih izvoznica hrane namijenjene za biodizel. Ovakav rasplet situacije već se dobrano odrazio na povećanje cijena hrane, a u bližoj budućnosti jedina je realnost još veći utjecaj na svjetsko tržište.

Oba (najizraženija) primjera alternativnog dobivanja energije iz obnovljivih izvora; biodizela, te energije posredstvom vjetra, imaju svoje prednosti i mane, ističu stručnjaci. Dok je biodizel u krugovima onih koji ga ne podupiru, proklamiran kao jedan od uzročnika stvaranja još većih razmjera između bogatih i siromašnih, a da k tomu i ne doprinosti toliko očuvanju okoliša - za sada najveći problem u cjelokupnom projektu instaliranja vjetroelektrana u većini država leži u činjenici kako je ovakav način dobivanja energije omogućen jedino zbog velikih izdvajanja i subvencija iz državnih proračuna, a uz velike početne troškove; što je uostalom simptomatično i za većinu novih oblika energetske proizvodnje. Hrvatska će primjerice ove godine izdvojiti za projekte obnovljivih izvora energije najmanje 42 milijuna kuna, uz približnu financijsku injekciju Europske unije, koja pomno prati razvoj alternativnih izvora energije kod svih zemalja članica, a posebno onih koji su u statusu kandidata.
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - SOLAR PV TRACKER

SOLAR SERDAR
The Spanish multinational PROINSO, specializing in the distribution of modules, inverters, trackers and fixed structures for photovoltaic systems, both on the ground and on roofs, has launched a new application on its website, under the name of "Solar PV Tracker”, which allows the comparative calculation of solar energy production anywhere in the world.
Free of charge and accessible, both in English and Spanish- at www.proinso.net the goal of this new application is to carry out the calculation of photovoltaic solar energy production generated in kWh, based on the kWp of the installation and using both 1 and 2-axis trackers, anywhere in the world.

The company has made the following link available to the media, portals, blogs and other websites wanting to incorporate access to its application on the following link: http://www.proinso.net/_bin/irradiacion_inicio.php. It has also announced the launch next February of the iPhone and Android version incorporating new features and improvements.

Operation: 5 steps

1 .- The PV SOLAR TRACKER app. begins by providing the solar radiation data anywhere on the planet, measured in kWh/m2 (both daily and annually) on a horizontal plane at 0 degrees. Both a country and city can be selected, as can an exact location on the map anywhere in the world. The solar radiation data is based on various databases, both private and public, including the United Nations Organization.

2 .- Once the application has the radiation data on the horizontal plane (at 0 °), the user must enter values to calculate the overall performance or Performance Ratio (PR) of the installation. Thus, for this calculation, data on the following should be provided: estimated temperature losses, availability, wiring losses, estimated losses from dirt, losses due to being outside of MMP- the Maximum Power Point, inverter losses, shade losses, tolerance of the modules, losses due to angle mismatch and loss due to estimated spectral angle.
After entering this data, the application will provide a PR value for the facility. The overall performance of a total facility usually varies between 85% and 70% depending on the factors mentioned above.

3 .- Then, on the same screen select the tilt angle - in the case of the of 1-Axis Azimuth trackers- and proceed to the next screen to show the RESULT.

4 .- On the RESULT SCREEN the production data in the selected location can be found, with the PR and Availability shown, both on a 2-axis tracker facility , and a 1-axis tracker facility. (* On the same screen the tracker angle can be varied to a 1-Axis Azimuth to observe how the data changes). The data shown is the annually installed kWh / kWp. Thus, to calculate the production of 12 kWp from a tracker just multiply the value given by the SOLAR PV TRACKER application by 12.

5 .- Finally, we the QUALIFIED INSTALLERS network screen is reached where the SOLAR PV TRACKER application will indicate to the user where the PROINSO Network installers nearest to the location selected on the initial map of the facility can be found and the radius determined by the user in kilometres. Thus enabling the user to contact the nearest PROINSO Network installer with any technical or commercial queries they may have.
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - ZEOLIT NEW ENERGY (croatian text)

Od samog početka razvoja suvremene tehnologije grijanja SOLAR SERDAR je obilježavao napredak na tom području razvijanjem inovativnih uređaja za grijanje i pripremu tople vode, koristeći pri tome gotovo sve energente.
Uređaji, koji su savršeno međusobno usklađeni i koji se u svako doba mogu fleksibilno proširivati i kombinirati po želji, čine inteligentni sustav, koji se iz godine u godinu proširuje.
Fotonaponske ćelije
- su solarni fotonaponski pretvornici koji služe za izravnu pretvorbu sunčeve svjetlosti u električnu energiju. Izrađene su od monokristaličnog i polikristaličnog silicija. SOLAR SERDAR fotonaponske ćelije odlikuju se visokim stupnjem iskorištenja koji je ovisan o toku sunčevog zračenja.
INOVACIJE
U vremenu u kojem živimo planet Zemlja se veoma brzo zagrijava i uslijed toga dolazi do sve opasnijih promjena u klimatskim uvjetima. Svako iskorištenje energije uzrokuje stvaranje ispušnih plinova - CO2, SO2, NOx. Nova inovativna rješenja su prijeko potrebna. SOLAR SERDAR je na tom području razvio tehniku gorivnih ćelija kojom se emisija štetnih plinova smanjuje za 50 %, a potreba za korištenjem primarne energije za oko 25 % u odnosu na današnje tehnike zagrijavanja strujom i plinom koje se koriste u većini domaćinstava. Tehnologija gorivne ćelije priključuje se na mrežu zemnog plina i postaje izvor energije koji čuva okoliš. Reformer u kotlu s gorivnom ćelijom pretvara zemni plin u vodik koji, zajedno s kisikom, u nizu gorivnih ćelija (stack) u procesu "hladnog sagorjevanja" stvara paru. Pritom gorivne ćelije stvaraju struju i toplinu.

ZEOLIT TOPLINSKA CRPKA-
je uređaj za grijanje i pripremu tople sanitarne vode na zemni plin. Zeolit toplinska crpka 75% energije dobiva sagorijevanjem, a 25% iz okoline - besplatno. Prosječni godišnji učin tog uređaja je za 30% veći od učina kondenzacijskih uređaja. Povećanje iskoristivosti u odnosu na standardne plinske uređaje je u prosjeku 40%.
ZEOLITI
-su kristalinični alumosilikati koji sadržavaju vodu, a sastoje se od elemenata AIO4 i SIO4 i stoga su usporedivi s keramikom. Proizvode se kao prah i kao granulat (pelete), pri čemu se promjer peleta općenito nalazi između 1 i 6 mm. Adsorpcijski sustav zeolit - voda vrlo je prikladan za toplinsku primjenu u području grijanja prostorija. Osim dobre toplinske stabilnosti (sve do 700 C), zeolit je u svakom pogledu ekološki podnošljiv, nije zapaljiv i slabo je korozivan. Zeoliti su lako dostupni, vrlo jeftini i otvaraju u vezi s vodom kao sredstvom za hlađenje veliko iskoristivo temperaturno područje, koje ima prednost u opskrbi grijanjem i toplom vodom kao i za klimatizacijske svrhe.
PRINCIP RADA
Središnji dio uređaja za grijanje na zeolit su dva modula toplinske crpke. U njihovom gornjem dijelu nalazi se adsorpcijska tvar - zeolit. Zeolit se obrađuje u izmjenjivaču topline (adsorber/desorber). Ispod toga se nalazi još jedan izmjenjivač topline (kondenzator/isparivač), a kao sredstvo hlađenja koristi se voda. Modul je hermetički zatvoren i radi s potlakom od 5 do 200 mbara.
Sorpcijski proces se u modulima odvija u dva koraka. U prvom koraku zeolit se zagrijava uz pomoć plamenika na 200°C. U tom procesu stvara se para koja odlazi u donji dio modula. Ovdje se para kondenzira i predaje svoju toplinu kondenzacije. Ovaj korak završava kada se zeolit u potpunosti osuši, a voda skupi u donjem dijelu modula. Tada se plamenik gasi i modul se hladi na temperaturu nižu od temperature okoline. Voda koja se nalazi na dnu modula tada isparava uz pomoć besplatne temperature iz okoline. Para prelazi u gornji dio modula gdje se adsorbira u zeolit iz čega se također dobiva upotrebljiva adsorpcijska toplina. Kada voda u potpunosti ispari cijeli proces počinje iz početka.

Kompaktni kolektor
-je rješenje za uštedu prostora kada se kao izvor topline koristi toplina akumulirana u zemlji. Sastoji se od više podloga/kolektora koji se polažu horizontalno u zemlju, na dubini od cca. 1,2 do 1,5 metara. Pojedine podloge paralelno se spajaju preko kombinacije razdjelnik/sabirnik koji je sastavni dio isporuke. Kompaktni kolektor se koristi isključivo u kombinaciji sa toplinskim crpkama zemlja/voda, snage do 10,5 kW.
Prednosti korištenja kapilarnog kolektora:
mala potreba za prostorom
manje pomjeranje zemlje
manji troškovi u usporedbi s dubinskim ukopom zemnih sondi
moguće je osobno postavljanje
sadržaj isporuke: kolektorske podloge, razdjelnik, cijevi, graničnik protoka, manometar, kuglasta slavina
SOLAR SERDAR
solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR - TYPES OF THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTORS

SOLAR SERDAR

There are basically three types of thermal solar collectors: flat-plate, evacuated-tube and concentrating.

Flat-Plate collectors comprise of an insulated, weatherproof box containing a dark absorber plate under one or more transparent or translucent covers. Water or heat conducting fluid passes through pipes located below the absorber plate. As the fluid flows through the pipes it is heated. This style of collector, although inferior in many ways to evacuated tube collectors, is still the most common type of collector in many countries.

Evacuated Tube solar water heaters are made up of rows of parallel, glass tubes. There are several types of evacuated tubes (sometimes also referred to as Solar Tubes).

Type 1 (Glass-Glass) tubes consists of two glass tubes which are fused together at one end. The inner tube is coated with a selective surface that absorbs solar energy well but inhibits radiative heat loss. The air is withdrawn ("evacuated") from the space between the two glass tubes to form a vacuum, which eliminates conductive and convective heat loss. These tubes perform very well in overcast conditions as well as low temperatures. Because the tube is 100% glass, the problem with loss of vacuum due to a broken seal is greatly minimized. Glass-glass solar tubes may be used in a number of different ways, including direct flow, heat pipe, or U pipe configuration. Apricus uses a high efficiency heat pipe and heat transfer fin design to conduct the heat from within the evacuated tube up to the header. For more information about heat pipes,click solarserdar@gmail.com.

Type 2 (Glass-Metal) tubes consist of a single glass tube. Inside the tube is a flat or curved aluminium plate which is attached to a copper heat pipe or water flow pipe. The aluminium plate is generally coated with Tinox, or similar selective coating. These type of tubes are very efficient but can have problems relating to loss of vacuum. This is primarily due to the fact that their seal is glass to metal. The heat expansion rates of these two materials. Glass-glass tubes although not quite as efficient glass-metal tubes are generally more reliable and much cheaper.

Type 3 (Glass-glass - water flow path) tubes incorporate a water flow path into the tube itself. The problem with these tubes is that if a tube is ever damaged water will pour from the collector onto the roof and the collector must be "shut-down" until the tube is replaced.

Concentrating collectors for are usually parabolic troughs that use mirrored surfaces to concentrate the sun's energy on an absorber tube (called a receiver) containing a heat-transfer fluid, or the water itself. This type of solar collector is generally only used for commercial power production applications, because very high temperatures can be achieved. It is however reliant on direct sunlight and therefore does not perform well in overcast conditions.

Types of Solar Water Heating Systems

Solar water heating systems (SWHS) can be either active or passive. An active system uses an electric pump to circulate the fluid through the collector; a passive system has no pump and relies on thermo-siphoning to circulate water. The amount of hot water a solar water heater produces depends on the type and size of the system, the amount of sun available at the site, installation angle and orientation. SWHS are also characterized as open loop (also called "direct") or closed loop (also called "indirect"). An open-loop system circulates household (potable) water through the collector. A closed-loop system uses a heat-transfer fluid (water or diluted antifreeze) to collect heat and a heat exchanger to transfer the heat to the household water. A disadvantage of closed looped system is that efficiency is lost during the heat exchange process.

Active Systems

Active systems use electric pumps, valves, and controllers to circulate water or other heat-transfer fluids through the collectors. They are usually more expensive than passive systems but generally more efficient. Active systems are often easier to retrofit than passive systems because their storage tanks do not need to be installed above or close to the collectors. If installed using a PV panel to operate the pump, an active system can operate even during a power outage.

Open-Loop Active Systems
Open-loop active systems use pumps to circulate household potable water through the collectors. This design is efficient and lowers operating costs but is not appropriate if water is hard or acidic because scale and corrosion will gradually disable the system. Open-loop active systems are popular in regions that do not experience subzero temperatures. Flat plate open-loop systems should never be installed in climates that experience sustained periods of subzero temperatures. The ApricusTM AP solar water heater can be installed in an open loop in areas that experience sub-zero temperatures as long as the solar controller has a low temperature fuction.

Closed-Loop Active Systems
These systems pump heat-transfer fluids (usually a glycol-water antifreeze mixture) through the solar water heater. Heat exchangers transfer the heat from the fluid to the water that is stored in tanks. Double-walled heat exchangers or twin coil solar tanks prevent contamination of household water. Some standards require double walls when the heat-transfer fluid is anything other than household water. Closed-loop glycol systems are popular in areas subject to extended subzero temperatures because they offer good freeze protection. However, glycol antifreeze systems are more expensive to purchase and install and the glycol must be checked each year and changed every few years, depending on glycol quality and system temperatures.

Drainback systems use water as the heat-transfer fluid in the collector loop. A pump circulates the water through the solar water heater. When the pump is turned off, the solar water heater drains of water, which ensures freeze protection and also allows the system to turn off if the water in the storage tank becomes too hot. A problem with drainback systems is that the solar water heater installation and plumbing must be carefully positioned to allow complete drainage. The pump must also have sufficient head pressure to pump the water up to the collector each time the pump starts. Electricity usage is therefore slightly higher than a sealed closed or open loop.

SOLAR SERDAR collectors are ideal for use in active (open or closed) systems.

Passive Systems

Passive systems move household water or a heat-transfer fluid through the system without pumps. Passive systems have the advantage that electricity outage and electric pump breakdown are not issues. This makes passive systems generally more reliable, easier to maintain, and possibly longer lasting than active systems. Passive systems are often less expensive than active systems, but are also generally less efficient due to slower water flow rates through the system.

Thermosiphon Systems
A thermosiphon system relies on warm water rising, a phenomenon known as natural convection, to circulate water through the solar absorber and to the tank. In this type of installation, the tank must be located above the absorber tubes/panel. As water in the absorber heats, it becomes lighter and naturally rises into the tank above. Meanwhile, cooler water in the tank flows downwards into the absorber, thus causing circulation throughout the system. This system is widely used with both flat plate and evacuated tube absorbers. The disadvantages of this design are the poor aesthetics of having a large tank on the roof and the isses with structural integrity of the roof. Often the roof must be reinforced to cope with the weight of the tank.

Batch Heaters
Batch heaters are simple passive system consisting of one or more storage tanks placed in an insulated box that has a glazed side facing the sun. Batch heaters are inexpensive and have few components, but only perform well in summer when the weather is warm. Evacuated tube solar collectors are now an affordable and much more efficient alternative to either batch or flat plate collectors.

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SOLARserdar- PASSIVE SOLAR TECHNIQES

passive solar techniques and the climate issue
Passive solar homes are designed to get their heating and cooling needs from the sun, wind, trees, or from the windows and the materials used on the walls and roof of the house and the way they interact with the environment and landscape. Passive solar plans intend to dispense with furnaces, boilers or air-conditioning...

Passive solar techniques
To reach their goal, passive solar techniques rely on the...

- thermal storage or reflectance of the materials used in their walls, floor and roof;
- building's sun exposure (which depends on its shape, axis, layout);
- natural ventilation (dependent on windows, windbreaks, orientation of the building);
- proper shape and orientation of the house;
- advanced windows, skylights and venting elements and overhangs;
- appropriate colors (of the walls and roof…) and specific elements as sunrooms, wing walls, trombe walls, water walls, roof ponds, diffusing glazing materials;
- other elements dependent on design, architecture and landscaping.

In other words, passive solar homes use a set of passive solar heating techniques and passive cooling techniques.

A strategy for new homes
Passive solar techniques are mainly a set of strategies to implement while you are projecting a new home. It's impossible to apply most of them on existing homes: we can't change the orientation and shape of a home, or the materials used in their walls.

The use of mechanical and active techniques
The aim of solar passive cooling and heating is to get a natural cooling and heating. But doesn't collide with the use of "active" techniques such as fans or solar water heating. They are indispensable in many cases. An example: fans are indispensable in hot humid climates, where you can’t fight humidity through natural ventilation or other passive principles…

Passive solar house plans and climate
Most of the passive solar designs are geared towards heating and cooling in cold and temperate and dry climates.

Obviously, there are some general principles applicable in any climate: properly sized overhangs, principles of thermal and storage mass and reflectance, shading through trees…

But some principles or measures are very specific to some climates. The shading of trees can't be used extensively in cool and cold climates. That strategy should be analyzed with extreme care, according to specific micro climes and climate conditions. On the other hand, in hot and humid climates we should use some particular techniques, that we do not use in cold climates:

- orientation of the house to avoid the direct impact of sun, instead of the opposite;
- extended use of verandas and shade nettings;
- intense use of mechanical devices to control humidity, etc.

Each climate determines the final passive solar techniques, and your plan should reflect it. Some of the techniques are universal, but others are specific to some microclimates and climates zones.
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SOLAR serdar - RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR serdar - RENEWABLE ENERGY

SOLAR serdar
About Renewable Energy
Content
Key Descriptors
What is Renewable Energy?
Hydro Energy
Bioenergy
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Geothermal Energy
Ocean Energy
Key Descriptors
Canada, with its large landmass and diversified geography, has substantial renewable resources that can be used to produce energy; these resources include moving water, biomass, and wind, solar, geothermal and ocean energy.
Canada is a world leader in the production and use of energy from renewable resources. Renewable energy sources currently provide about 16% of Canada’s total primary energy supply.
Moving water is the most important renewable energy source in Canada, providing about 59 percent of Canada’s electricity. In fact, Canada is the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world.
Biomass is the second most important renewable energy source in Canada. The primary types of bioenergy include electricity and industrial heat from wood waste, space heating from firewood, and biofuels from agricultural crops.
While they are emerging sources, wind and solar energy are experiencing high growth rates.

What is Renewable Energy?
Renewable energy is energy obtained from natural resources that can be naturally replenished or renewed within a human lifespan, that is, the resource is a sustainable source of energy. Some natural resources, such as moving water, wind and sunshine, are not at risk of depletion from their use for energy production. Biomass, however, is a renewable resource only if its rate of consumption does not exceed its rate of regeneration.
A wide range of energy-producing technologies and equipment have been developed over time to take advantage of these natural resources. As a result, usable energy can be produced in the form of electricity, industrial heat, thermal energy for space and water conditioning, and transportation fuels.
With its large landmass and diversified geography, Canada has an abundance of renewable resources that can be used to produce energy. Canada is a world leader in the production and use of energy from renewable resources. Renewable energy resources currently provide about 16% of Canada’s total primary energy supply.
Hydroelectricity is by far the most important form of renewable energy produced in Canada. Bioenergy also makes an important contribution to Canada’s energy mix. Several emerging resources, such as wind and solar power, are making much smaller contributions but are experiencing high growth rates.

Hydroelectricity
The natural flow of water in rivers offers kinetic power that can be transformed into usable energy. Early usages included mechanical power for transformation activities, such as milling and sawing, and for irrigation. As well, rivers have been used for transportation purposes, such as moving logs from forests to industrial centers.
Currently, hydroelectricity is the major form of usable energy produced from flowing water. To produce hydroelectricity, the water flow is directed at the blades of a turbine, making it spin, which causes an electrical generator connected to the turbine to spin as well and thus generate electricity.
The amount of energy extracted from flowing water depends on the volume of water and its speed. Usually, a hydroelectric station is built at a sharp incline or waterfall to take advantage of the speed gained by the water as a result of gravity. Dams are built at some locations to help regulate the flow of water and, therefore, the electricity generation.
Canada has many rivers flowing from mountainous areas toward its three bordering oceans. In 2006, Canada had 499 hydroelectric stations together capable of producing about 73 thousand megawatts (or million kilowatts). These stations include 360 small hydroelectric facilities, that is, facilities with a nameplate capacity of 50 megawatts or less, and they together are capable of producing 3.4 thousand megawatts, which is about 5% of Canada’s total hydroelectric production capacity.
All the hydroelectric stations in Canada generated about 350 million megawatt-hours in 2006. This accounted for 59% of Canada’s total electricity production. Canada is the second largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world. In fact, hydroelectricity represents about 11% of Canada’s total primary energy supply.
Hydroelectric stations have been developed in Canada where the geography and hydrography were favourable, particularly in Quebec. Other areas producing large quantities of hydroelectricity include British Columbia, Ontario, Labrador and Manitoba. There still are significant untapped moving-water resources in Canada, for large-scale hydroelectric projects are currently under consideration in British Columbia, Manitoba, Labrador, Alberta, and Quebec. As well, there is potential for small- and medium-scale developments, particularly in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec.

Bioenergy
Bioenergy comprises different forms of usable energy obtained from materials referred to as biomass. A biomass is a biological material in solid, liquid or gaseous form that has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. Excluded from this definition is organic material that has been transformed over long periods of time by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum.
Several types of biomass can be used, with the proper technology and equipment, to produce energy. The most commonly used type of biomass is wood, either round wood or wood waste from industrial activities. Wood and wood waste can be combusted to produce heat used for industrial purposes, for space and water heating, or to produce steam for electricity generation. Through anaerobic digestion, methane can be produced from solid landfill waste or other biomass materials such as sewage, manure and agricultural waste. Sugars can be extracted from agricultural crops and, through distillation, alcohols can be produced for use as transportation fuels. As well, numerous other technologies exist or are being developed to take advantage of other biomass feedstock.
With its large landmass and active forest and agricultural industries, Canada has access to large and diversified biomass resources that can be used for energy production. Currently, bioenergy is the second most important form of renewable energy in Canada. In fact, bioenergy represents about 5 percent of Canada’s total primary energy.
Historically, the use of wood has been very important in Canada for space and water heating, as well as for cooking. It is still important today, as almost 10% of households use wood as a primary or secondary source for space heating. Every year, over 100 petajoules of energy from wood are consumed in the residential sector, representing about 8 percent of residential energy use.
The most important type of biomass in Canada is industrial wood waste, especially waste from the pulp and paper industry, which is used to produce electricity and steam. Every year, nearly 500 petajoules of bioenergy are used in the industrial sector. The pulp and paper industry is by far the largest industrial user of bioenergy, which accounts for more than half of the energy used in this industry.
At the end of 2006, Canada had 62 bioenergy power plants with a total electricity generating capacity of 1,652 megawatts, and most of this capacity was built around the use of wood biomass and spent pulping liquor, as well as landfill gas. In 2006, 7 million megawatt-hours of electricity were generated using wood and spent pulping liquor. Most of the biomass-fired capacity was found in provinces with significant forestry activities: British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and New Brunswick.
Biofuels – or fuels from renewable sources — are a growing form of bioenergy in Canada. The principal agriculture feedstock for producing ethanol, a gasoline substitute, includes corn, wheat and barley. Canada is a major world producer and exporter of these grains. As well, vegetable oils and animal fats can be used to produce biodiesel, a diesel substitute.
In 2006, the domestic production capacity of biofuels in Canada was approximately 600 million litres of ethanol and 100 million litres of biodiesel. The federal and provincial governments have announced several measures that should lead to the increased production and use of biofuels in the coming years.

Canada’s Bioenergy Installed Generating Capacity, by Province (2006, in megawatts)
Provinces
Total biomass
Prince Edward Island
2
Nova Scotia
66
New Brunswick
129
Quebec
303
Ontario
313
Manitoba
22
Saskatchewan
-
Alberta
144
British Columbia
673
Canada
1,652

Wind Power
The kinetic energy in wind can be converted into useful forms of energy such as mechanical energy or electricity. Wind energy has been harnessed for centuries to propel sailing vessels and turn grist mills and water pumps. Today, wind is used increasingly to generate electricity. Turbines with large propellers are erected on ‘wind farms’ located in strategic areas that have good wind regimes and that are in proximity to existing electrical grids. Wind energy is captured only when the wind speed is sufficient to move the turbine blades, but not in high winds when the turbine might be damaged if operated.
Canada has large areas with excellent wind resources and therefore a significant potential for the expansion of wind-generated power. Some of the highest quality areas are offshore and along coastlines. No offshore wind farms have been built in Canada yet, and the development of coastal wind farms is limited because most of Canada’s coastline is in remote regions, away from the existing electrical grid. There are also high quality areas inland at different locations across Canada, including the southern Prairies and along the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Installed wind power capacity in Canada has expanded rapidly in recent years and is forecasted to continue to grow at a rapid pace due to increased interest from electricity producers and governmental initiatives. As of December 31, 2007, Canada had 1,400 wind turbines operating on 85 wind farms for a total installed capacity of 1,846 megawatts, compared with only 60 wind turbines, 8 wind farms and 23 megawatts a decade earlier. The provincial leaders in wind power capacity are Alberta, Ontario and Quebec.

Solar Energy
Solar energy is energy from the sun in the form of radiated heat and light. The sun’s radiant energy can be used to provide lighting and heat for buildings and to produce electricity. Historically, solar energy has been harnessed through passive solar technologies. Typically, these involve the strategic location of buildings and various elements of these buildings, such as windows, overhangs and thermal masses. Such practices take advantage of the sun for lighting and space heating to significantly reduce the use of electrical or mechanical equipment. Solar energy can be harnessed only during the day and only if the sunlight is not blocked by clouds, buildings or other obstacles.
Today, two active solar technologies that involve electrical or mechanical equipment are becoming more common. First, solar collectors or panels are used to heat water or ventilation air for use in buildings. Second, solar photovoltaic technology uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
The potential for solar energy varies across Canada. The potential is lower in coastal areas, due to increased cloud coverage, and is higher in the central regions. The solar potential varies even more around the globe. In general, many Canadian cities have a solar potential that is comparable internationally with that of many major cities. For instance, about half of Canada’s residential electricity requirements could be met by installing solar panels on the roofs of residential buildings.
Canada’s use of solar energy has increased in recent years, although it remains relatively small in terms of market penetration. Installed capacity for solar thermal power has seen average annual growth of 17 percent since 1998, reaching 290 megawatts of thermal power in 2005. Installed capacity for solar photovoltaic power has grown by 27 percent annually since 1993, reaching 25.8 megawatts in 2007, of which 89% are in off-grid applications.

Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be captured from the heat stored beneath the earth’s surface or from the absorbed heat in the atmosphere and oceans. In the first instance, geothermal energy can be captured from naturally occurring underground steam and be used to produce electricity. In the second instance, heating and cooling can be achieved by taking advantage of the temperature differential between outside air and the ground or groundwater.
Canada’s known geothermal steam resource is limited, but electricity generation projects are being considered. Furthermore, approximately 3,150 ground-source heat pump units were installed in residential, commercial and institutional buildings across Canada in 2006.

Ocean Energy
The ocean is a vast source of energy that can be harnessed to produce different forms of usable energy. For instance, technologies have been developed to convert the energy of ocean waves and tides into electricity or other useful forms of power. However, a number of technical, economic and environmental barriers remain and, as a result, ocean energy is currently not a widely exploited energy source.
Being landlocked only along its southern border, much of Canada is surrounded by oceans, meaning it has access to a significant energy potential. Currently, Canada has a tidal power plant in Nova Scotia with a generating capacity of 20 megawatts of electricity. Recently, a technology demonstration project using a Canadian designed tidal current turbine with a generating capacity of 0.065 megawatts was installed in British Columbia’s offshore. Additional tidal current demonstration projects are being considered.
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