CCRES - SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 

(CCRES)

 Sources of Alternative Energy

Alternative energy or renewable energy is important for creating clean energy future not only for the individual nations but the whole world. It offers excellent alternatives to the fossil fuels to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. The sources of the alternative energy are inexhaustible and one can rely on them for long-term basis Here are some important sources of alternative energy:

 

1) Solar energy:

The energy obtained from the radiations of the sun is called as solar energy. Sun is the massive source of energy releasing radiations since billions of years non-stop. The radiations emitted by sun are vital for all the plant, animal and human lives on the earth. At present solar energy is being tapped successfully for a number of applications.

Solar cooker is small box type equipment used for cooking of the food without requiring any additional fuel. There are number of variations of solar cooker with different efficiencies and different sizes. Solar water heaters are used extensively for heating water that can be used for bathing, domestic use and industrial purposes. It saves lots of electricity costs and the burning of other fuels like wood, coal, LPG etc. Another very important application of the solar energy is the photovoltaic or PV cells. The PV cells comprise of the solar panels that absorb solar energy and store them in the batteries. The energy from the batteries can be used for different domestic as well industrial applications

Besides these, there are number of other applications of solar energy like solar street lights, solar lanterns, calculators, mobiles etc. Solar energy is available abundantly in countries like India, China, US and others. It is considered to be one of the most resourceful sources of energy for future.

2) Wind energy:

The energy obtained from naturally flowing wind in the atmosphere is called as wind energy. Wind energy is available extensively in specific geographical locations without any costs. The wind in motion carries kinetic energy and it can be converted into mechanical and electrical energy. Presently wind energy is widely used for the generation of electricity.

To tap the energy from wind turbines are used. The wind turbine comprises of large blades looking like the fan. The blades are attached to the hub, which in turn is mounted on a shaft When the moving wind comes in contact with the blades it causes the rotation of the blades, which in turn causes the rotation of the shaft at low speeds. This shaft is connected to the gear box and causes slow rotation of the input gears and fast rotation of output gears and shaft. The output shaft rotates in an alternator that produces electricity. To get sufficient amount of grid power, large number of wind turbines are required at a specific location, which is called as wind farm or wind power plant.

3) Hydropower:

The power obtained from the flow of water is called as hydraulic power or hydro power or water power. The alternative energy from water can be obtained in a number of ways, the most popular being the hydroelectric power plants. In these power plants huge dams are built across the flow of the river. The water is stored in the dam at large heights and it carries potential energy. When the water flows down the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. The flowing water comes in contacts with the large water turbines and makes them rotate in the transformer that produces electricity. Hydroelectric power plants are important source of electricity in a number of countries including US, China, India, Russia, and others.

Alternative energy obtained from the tides of the oceans is called as tidal energy. The waves in the waters of the oceans can also be utilized to produce electricity.

4) Geothermal Energy:

The heat energy obtained from the deep layers of earth is called as geothermal energy. The heat is produced continuously in the deep layers of earth, which can be utilized for various purposes like heating water, operating the heat pumps, producing electricity etc. Large amount of heat is generated in the core of earth and it gets conducted through the surrounding layers of rock. It comes to the surface of the earth in various forms like lava, hot springs etc, while other heat is stored below the surface of the earth. This heat is the geothermal energy and is available in unlimited quantity.

5) Biomass energy:

Biomass is the organic material obtained from the plants. The plants absorb energy from the sun by the process of photosynthesis so the energy is store in them. The biomass is the garbage leftover by the plants in the form of fallen leaves, broken branches, dead trees, wood chips, wasted crops etc. A number of other garbage and waste materials can be considered to be biomass. The energy obtained from the biomass is called as the biomass energy.

When the biomass is heated, the chemical energy within it is converted into heat energy, which can be used for heating water, producing steam, cooking food etc. Biomass can also be used to produce the methane gas, which can be used as the fuel. Rotten garbage and human waste can also be considered as biomass that can be used to produce methane, which is called as landfill gas or biogas. Biomass can also be converted biodiesel, which can be mixed with the traditional diesel fuel to run the vehicles.

CCRES 

special thanks to   

Escapeartist, Inc

 CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 

(CCRES)

CCRES - ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

 

CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

 (CCRES)

Alternative Energy

 

Energy has become integral parts of our day-to-day lives. Energy is required to produce electricity for domestic and industrial applications. We need energy to drive our vehicles, to run the machines, keep our houses cool and hot, run the computers and mobiles, and for a number of other purposes.

Comparison of Traditional and Alternative Energy Sources:

Traditionally we have been using fossil fuels for production of electric power and driving our vehicles. The fuels used for the generation of electric power are fossil fuels like coal and oil, and nuclear fuels like uranium. The fuels used commonly for running the vehicles are crude oils like gasoline and diesel. Alternative energy refers to the energy that is not dependent on fossil fuels, crude oil and nuclear fuels. Alternative energy, also called as renewable energy, is obtained from various sources like radiations of the sun (solar energy), wind, water, geothermal heat and tides in the oceans. Burning of fossil fuels is one of the major causes of environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. They release lots of carbon dioxide and particulate matter. The alternative or renewable energy is considered to be the clean energy since extracting energy from its sources does not produce any pollution.

The sources of energy like fossil fuels, crude oil and nuclear fuels are also called as non-renewable sources of energy since their deposits are reducing in the nature as they are being used extensively throughout the world. Fuels like coal, natural gas and oil took millions of years to develop but once used they cannot be replaced immediately. The alternative energy on the other hand is available in abundance from various sources and they get replaced easily immediately or within short period of time.

Alternative sources of energy provide unending supply of energy. For instance the solar energy from the sun will be available for unlimited period of time till the sun keeps shining. Solar energy can be collected by the collectors and it can be used for a number of applications like cooking food, heating water, generating electricity, running the vehicles etc. Similarly, the wind will keep on blowing on the surface of the earth tills its atmosphere is in place so it can be utilized for unlimited period of time. The ability of the wind to produce motion can be utilized to run the fans of the windmill and produce electricity from them.

The tidal energy is obtained from waves of the oceans having huge quantity of water that would last forever. One of the important sources of alternative energy is hydro-power used for the generation of electricity in hydroelectric power plants. Throughout the world, the hydroelectric power plants are one of the major sources for the generation of electricity. In these plants the flow of river is blocked at certain places and water is allowed to be collected at large height in the dam. The rivers have been flowing since thousands of years and continue to exist for unlimited period of time as they are replenished by rain water from time-to-time.

Geothermal energy is obtained from the lower layers of the earth usually for producing the heating effect. Once the energy is obtained from the earth, it is replaced immediately naturally and it can be used for ending period of time interval.

Another important source of alternative energy is the biomass like waste wood, leaves of the plants, broken branches and twigs of the trees, agricultural wastes, garbage, human wastes etc. The fuels obtained from biomass are called bio-fuels. Some of the common bio-fuels are ethanol, biodiesel, and natural gas. Biodiesel is a type of alternative fuel used for running of the vehicles. It is made from renewable energy sources like plant and animal fats. Biodiesel is not a petroleum fuel, but it can be easily blended with petroleum fuel diesel in various proportions.

All the above alternative sources of energy are expected to last for long intervals of time line. While the supply of coal, oil and natural gas is expected to reduce and stop in the future, the supply of energy from sources like sun, wind, water, earth, and biomass is expected to last forever.

Consumption of alternative energy in US has been increasing over the years. In the year 2009 the consumption of alternative energy in US was 7.7 quadrillion Btu, which was 8% of all the energy used in the whole nation. Half of the alternative energy was used for producing electricity, while 10% of the total electricity produced was from alternative energy sources. Besides this alternative energy sources were also used for production of heat and steam. Alternative energy was also used for transportation, and to provide heat for homes and businesses.

Alternative energy sources reduce the pressure on fossil fuels and also help keep environment clean. The only major problem is that alternative energy is expensive compared to the fossil fuels mainly because they are located in remote places and its difficult to bring them to the main grid. Some of the sources like wind and solar are not uniform during various periods of the day and the year. However, their demand has been increasing and various technologies are being developed to utilize alternative energy sources more efficiently.

CCRES 

special thanks to   

Escapeartist, Inc

 CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 

(CCRES)

CLIMATE CHALLENGE by SOLAR SERDAR

CROATIAN CENTER of RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (CCRES) 

CLIMATE CHALLENGE 

 The world’s scientists tell us that we have just a few years to turn around the growth of greenhouse gas emissions in order to avoid the worst effects. Projected impacts include the increased intensity of hurricanes; the long-term destabilization of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, leading to much greater sea level rise; the acidification of the world’s oceans; and a vastly increased rate of species extinction. Wonders such as the Great Barrier Reef and the Amazon could collapse under the weight of just a few more degrees. Continued climate change will result in regional scarcities of water, food, and land, which can lead to human conflict and political instability—posing a greater national security risk to the U.S. 

More intense storms, droughts, floods, and wildfires will result in costly property, agricultural, and infrastructure losses, while projected sea-level rise could force migrations out of coastal areas and result in hundreds of millions of global climate refugees by the end of the century. Additionally, more frequent and intense heat waves, a rise in the spread of infectious diseases, and poorer urban air quality will pose serious public health threats. The total projected economic costs from these impacts are extraordinary. Climate change is already here. It is already affecting our natural environment, our national security, and our quality of life and these warning signs are plain to see. 

The 10 warmest years on record have all occurred since 1990. Mountain glaciers are receding on every continent and the sea ice is melting. The seas have begun a slow but menacing rise, encroaching upon coastal cities in every nation where populations are concentrated. We can—and must—act urgently if we are to limit and eventually halt the impacts of climate change on human communities and natural ecosystems. The greater the magnitude and rate of warming, the greater the chances are for devastating and irreversible changes in the Earth’s climate system. 

Even by acting today to reduce our emissions from cars, power plants, land use, and other sources, we will see some degree of continued warming for a period of time because past emissions will stay in the atmosphere for decades or more. The window for effective action is closing fast and responding to the climate crisis will take commitment and ingenuity. The actions we take in the next several years will determine the kind of world future generations will inherit. 

The Earth is naturally insulated by a delicate balance of heat-trapping (or “greenhouse”) gases in the atmosphere. When the sun shines on the Earth, some of that heat is absorbed, keeping Earth warm enough to support life. 

However, over the last century, humans have been releasing more and more carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere when we burn fuels and cut down forests. These additional gases have altered the composition of our atmosphere, trapping more heat than is possible for the Earth to sustain and maintain the current natural balance among its ecosystems. The result is human-caused global warming, which brings serious threats from flooding to the spread of disease to the disruption of agriculture in many parts of the world. The science behind global warming is often portrayed as enormously complex, but some of it is quite simple. It begins with the energy that radiates from the sun, which gives us light and warmth. As some of this energy radiates back toward space as heat, a portion is absorbed by a delicate balance of heat-trapping (or “greenhouse”) gases in the atmosphere that creates an insulating layer. Without the temperature control of this greenhouse effect, the Earth’s average surface temperature would be 0°F (-18°C), a temperature so low that the Earth would be frozen and could not sustain human life as we know it. 

 The most abundant of greenhouse gases is water vapor. In addition, there are other powerful greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide. Each of these is a natural part of the never-ending cycle of life, death, and decomposition on Earth. But since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been pumping out more and more of these and other greenhouse gases. Scientists are clear: human activities are contributing to global warming by adding large amounts of heat-trapping gases to the atmosphere. Our fossil fuel use is the main source of these gases. Every time we drive a car, use electricity from coal-fired power plants or heat our homes with oil or natural gas, we release carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases into the air. The second most important addition of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere is related to deforestation, mainly in the tropics, as well as other land-use changes. 

 The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is now 380 parts per million (ppm), 100 ppm higher than at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. And, as a result of the build-up of gases, the temperature is beginning to rise. Adults today have already felt the average global temperature rise more than a full degree Fahrenheit (0.8°C) during our lifetimes. We expect another degree F by 2020 due to past emissions. Based on modeling by an international body of experts studying the climate crisis, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the temperature could increase by more than 7°F (4°C) by the end of the century in the absence of meaningful efforts to rein in global warming pollution. 

EVERYDAY CHOICES 

 Throughout history, people have been a powerful force for positive change. That’s because when people unite and call for action, change isn’t just possible, it’s inevitable. But no single person stormed the beaches of Normandy or ended slavery, and no single person will stop global warming. When we solve the climate crisis, it will be because all of us worked together to get it done. It will be because we, along with our neighbors, co-workers, and friends around the world, took a stand and demanded that our leaders make stopping global warming a top priority. In order to create the kind of large-scale change required to stop climate change, we need our elected leaders to implement policies and pass laws that promote renewable energy and support energy efficiency. 

We need companies to publicly support these policies and improve their business operations and product offerings. The good news is that we are already five million strong and have begun to make our voices heard. However, there is still more work to be done to ensure that the future will become safer and cleaner for the next generation. If we’re going to solve the climate crisis, it’s going to take all of us working together, and our work begins right here at home in America. 

 For more information on how to take action to urge our elected leaders to support bold action to protect our climate and put us on the path to a clean energy future, visit CCRES, where you can learn how to be wiser, write a letter or op-ed for your local paper, or volunteer on the CCRES campaign. 

Croatian Center of Renewable Energy Sources (CCRES)

Željko Serdar 

Head of business association  

solarserdar@gmail.com 

HEAT PUMPS by SOLAR SERDAR

RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR (CRECSS)

HEAT PUMPS

Heat pumps use the same technology as fridges or air-conditioning units, but instead of taking heat out of the house, they bring heat in from the outside air or from the ground.

A heat pump will use electricity, so as long as grid electricity is generated by fossil-fuel and nuclear power stations it will not be a completely renewable heat source. It is important to make sure a heat pump operates very efficiently if it is to be a better option than gas or oil fired heating. A recent field trial report on heat pumps revealed that heat pumps installed in the UK in recent years often only reach low levels of efficiency, often offering little or no environmental or financial advantage compared to, say, gas heating. However, it seems that the problem is primarily that many systems were badly installed, or put into buildings that aren't suitable. There is evidence from both continental Europe and the UK that heat pumps can reach high levels of performance if specified and installed correctly.

The key thing is to have a well-insulated home, a correctly-sized heat pump and a low-temperature heating system - ideally underfloor heating running on water heated to only 35 degrees C.

Our information sheet gives more advice on how to evaluate the efficiency of a heat pump, how the different types work, and what the costs are likely to be.

Related Questions


What is a heat pump?

You’ll almost certainly have a heat pump in your home already, as they are used to keep fridges cool - basically by ‘pumping’ heat out. Most air conditioning units are also heat pumps. Both of these are generally airsource systems.

A ground source heat pump will usually be the more efficient option for home heating – giving the lowest running costs. Air-source systems are cheaper to install, but their efficiency will drop as air temperatures drop (when you need heat most). Also, heat transfer from air is more difficult than from other sources. Water-source systems can be very efficient, but they’re not common because you need a water source that will not freeze (such as a spring).


Are air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) noisy?

There will be some noise - check technical literature on manufacturers' websites for figures. Worcester Bosch quote 65 decibels (db) for the noise level at 1 metre from their unit. By comparison, normal conversation may be at a noise level of 50db, a busy office about 60db, and a busy street about 70db. The external part of an ASHP is basically the same as an air conditioning unit, but they do vary a lot - so don't judge all ASHPs by the noisiest air conditioner.

Are heat pumps environmentally friendly?

To be environmentally beneficial, the whole heating system must be properly specified and the house very well insulated (to a level above that specified by current UK Building Regulations). You can vastly improve the efficiency of your existing property with simple energy conservation measures - see our ‘Energy Conservation’ section for advice.

The efficiency of a heat pump is given by its coefficient of performance, or COP. A system operating at COP3 will give out 3 units of heat energy for each unit of electricity used. However, you need to bear in mind that most grid electricity is generated from fossil fuels or nuclear power, at efficiencies of only 30 to 40%, so you’ll need a very good COP to outweigh this. If a system has a poor COP you’d be better off with a gas boiler, which would give off less carbon dioxide and make a smaller contribution to climate change. Electricity generation also causes other forms of pollution: sulphur & nitrogen oxides (that cause acid rain), particulates, mining impacts, and nuclear waste.

An Energy Saving Trust field trial of 83 heat pumps in the UK found a wide variance in performance - only a few reached a COP of 3 or more. The average COP for air source heat pumps was 2.1, while the average for ground source systems was 2.3. Many were early installations, and as installers gain experience, performance should improve. To avoid a low COP, ensure that a home is well-insulated, has a low-temperature heating system and good heating controls, and that the ground loop or air-source unit has been adequately sized. See other questions and our information sheet for advice.

You can sign up for a ‘green tariff’, and have your electricity use allocated to renewable sources such as wind or hydro power. This is an excellent way to help promote the growth of the renewable energy industry, but it’s not a green light to use loads of electricity! Doing so will increase overall electricity demand, and until more renewable energy technologies are ready, this will increase the use of fossil fuels and nuclear power.

If you have a stream that would be suitable for a micro-hydro system, then a renewably-powered heat pump could be feasible and beneficial. See our Micro-Hydro information sheet for initial advice on this technology.

A heat pump contains about 2 kilos of refrigerant, usually hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These are potent greenhouse gases (about 1600 times more powerful than carbon dioxide) and a leak during or after the system’s life will have a damaging impact. Some suppliers use hydrocarbon refrigerants such as R290 or R600a (propane & isobutane); these will have a much lower impact if accidentally leaked.

Do I need a lot of land space for ground-source heat pump (GSHP)?

Trenches should be at least two metres deep to harness a consistent year-round heat source. Trenches will need 50-80 metres of pipe per kilowatt (kW), or 10 metres of ‘slinky’ coiled pipe per kW, with at least 5 metre distance between trenches with coils. So a typical 8kW heat pump requires around 400m2 of ground area for slinky coils. Note, however, that this will depend on a number of factors, including ground conditions.More info at http://solarserdar.wordpress.com/.

Boreholes need 20-50 metres of pipe per kW, and will usually be 100-150 metres deep. You may need 2-4 pipes per borehole, or more than one borehole. The Pipe diameter should be 20 to 40mm for best performance: large enough to reduce pumping power but small enough to increase flow velocity and cause ‘turbulent flow’ (giving better heat transfer). Bear in mind that installers trying to reduce costs might skimp on the length or bore of pipe, or the depth of the trenches.

What's the difference between an air-source and a ground-source heat pump?

Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) draw heat from under the ground using either a borehole or a series of pipes laid a few metres below the surface. This
heat is mainly solar energy that has been absorbed by the ground. The ground below a couple of metres down is protected from extremes of heat or cold and stays at about 10°C all year. This is of course not warm enough in itself - the heat pump ‘boosts’ it to the level needed for heating a home.

Air-source heat pumps (ASHPs) do the opposite of air-conditioning units. Instead of taking heat out of a building, they take heat from the outside air and uses it to heat a house. See our related questions to see which one is right for you.

How efficient are heat pumps?

A heat pump operates most efficiently when the temperature gap between the heat source and the heat demand is minimised. To reach COP4 you must have a very well insulated house - usually a new-build or an extensive renovation. Heat pumps will not be able to heat water to 75°C for standard radiators, so you’ll need a low temperature system. Large radiators can be run on water at about 50°C, whilst underfloor heating can be run at only 35°C. Underfloor heating can be fitted under solid or suspended timber floors, but thick carpets should not be used – they’ll stop the heat coming through.

So that a heat pump can work at maximum efficiency all year round it is usually sized to meet about 90% of the heating demand. This means some form of backup heating is likely to be needed during very cold spells – for example a wood-fired room heater. Heating domestic hot water to 60°C will further diminish efficiency, so an immersion heater is often used - which means more electricity use and higher costs. Solar water heating is a good alternative for hot water - see our solar water heating section for more advice.

High quality heating controls are needed to run the system as efficiently as possible. Weather compensation controls regulate internal heating according to the outside temperature. For example, in cool weather underfloor heating may need water at only 25°C to provide suitable comfort.More info at http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/.

Free, independent and impartial advice on renewable energy and sustainable living provided by the RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR (CRECSS)

Željko Serdar
Head of business association
www.solar-serdar.com
solarserdar@gmail.com
solarserdar@yahoo.com

CLEAN ENERGY PRINCIPLES - SOLAR SERDAR

RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR





Clean Energy Principles


We have all the tools and resources we need to solve the climate crisis. Here in the U.S., by using our energy more efficiently, utilizing clean, renewable energy sources, upgrading and expanding our energy infrastructure, and transitioning to low carbon fuel sources in our transportation sector, we will not only reduce global warming, but also save American consumers money and create new jobs and business opportunities.

Energy Efficiency
Millions of dollars and enormous amounts of energy are wasted each year simply because our homes and businesses aren’t as energy-efficient as they could be. To make the most out of the energy we currently produce, America needs a national efficiency upgrade. The result will be more comfortable and valuable homes and buildings, lower utility bills, and tens of thousands of new jobs as we retrofit existing buildings to be more efficient and manufacture more American products that use less energy.

Renewable Energy
America’s power sector relies on fossil fuels and emits pollution that endangers the air we breathe, the water we drink, and heats up our atmosphere. We need to accelerate the ramp-up of clean, renewable electricity sources through policies that support increased private and public investment in clean energy technologies. Renewable energy will deliver clean, reliable power to meet America’s needs, reduce carbon pollution and make real progress toward solving the climate crisis.

Energy Infrastructure
The U.S. electricity transmission and distribution system — or “grid” — is in critical need of an upgrade. Investing in a modern transmission infrastructure will enable clean electricity to power American homes and businesses. Smart grids can enable households to sell excess electricity they may produce from their solar panels, providing a new source of revenue. One day, smart grids may interact with our electric-drive vehicles, enabling renewable energy to be stored in the batteries, and deployed when we need it most. Smart meters can inform users of their energy usage, and enable them to take actions to reduce their electricity consumption during peak hours, saving money. Investing in our energy infrastructure can provide many opportunities to create even more innovative ways of making inroads to repowering America with 100 percent clean energy.

Transportation
U.S. passenger vehicles (cars and trucks) consume about 380 million gallons of gasoline per day and contribute 20% of our global warming pollution. The gasoline for these cars is almost entirely refined from petroleum, nearly 60% of which is imported. We can encourage state and local governments to set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets for the transportation sector, and make investments in public transit and smart development patterns that can reduce our reliance on personal automobiles and imported oil. Smart transportation systems that provide accessible alternatives to personal vehicles will also make our air cleaner to breathe and make our nation safer by reducing our dependence on foreign oil.More info at
http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/
http://solarserdar.wordpress.com/

Minimize Your Impact, Save Money

You can take steps to help Repower America each and every day. Make your own switch to energy efficient appliances, power generated by renewable energy, and cleaner sources of personal transportation. With all of us working together, we can build a movement to Repower America.

Change a Light Bulb
Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

Drive Less
Walk, bike, carpool or take mass transit more often. You’ll save one pound of carbon dioxide for every mile you don’t drive.

Recycle More
You can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide per year by recycling just half of your household waste.

Check Your Tires
Keeping your tires inflated properly can improve gas mileage by more than three percent. Every gallon of gasoline saved keeps 20 pounds of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Use Less Hot Water
It takes a lot of energy to heat water. Use less hot water by installing a low flow showerhead (350 pounds of CO2 saved per year) and washing your clothes in cold or warm water (500 pounds saved every year).

Avoid Products With a Lot of Packaging
You can save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide if you cut down your garbage by 10 percent.

Adjust Your Thermostat
Move your thermostat down just two degrees in winter and up two degrees in summer. You could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide a year with this simple adjustment.

Plant a Tree
A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon dioxide over its lifetime.

Turn off electronic devices
Simply turning off your television, DVD player, stereo, and computer when you’re not using them will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR

Željko Serdar
Head of business association

www.solar-serdar.com
solarserdar@gmail.com
solarserdar@yahoo.com

MALAYSIA RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES promoted by SOLAR SERDAR (CCRES)

Croatian Center of Renewable Energy Sources (CCRES)

promote
MALAYSIA RENEWABLE ENERGY COMPANIES



Solarpro Enterprise

Our Company provide design, install, commissioning of solar system. And We are the approved license BIPV service provider. We supplying all type of solar penal, from small penal up to bigger penal, solar charge controller, and solar deep cycle batteries.
Business type: retail sales, wholesale supplier, electric utility
Product types: batteries deep cycle, DC lighting, home automation, photovoltaic cells monocrystalline silicon, photovoltaic systems building integrated BIPV, solar charge controllers.
Service types: design, installation, construction, engineering, contractor services
Address: No 15, Jalan Wangsa 1/1, Taman Wangsa Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia 43200
Telephone: +60123576286
Web Site: http://solarpro.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Solarpro Enterprise

Focus Smart Technologies Sdn Bhd

FOCUS supplies the latest third generation LED Lighting Solutions (LED's from USA) which are CO2 GREEN, ENERGY Efficent and Reduce Recurring Maintenance Costs Dramatically over 50, 000 Burn Hours (13 Year) Life Span. Solutions available include Super Bright LED Street Lights, Intelligent LED Street Lights, LED Flood Lights, LED Tunnel Lights, LED Tube Lights, LED Spot Lights, LED Panel Lights and LED Wall Washer Lighting Systems. Dont use inferior products which burn out are one or two years >> call us today for Professional LED Systems Consulting and Systems Design Services. We are the number one Supplier in Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Qatar. Reseller Enquiries are welcome.
Business type: Technology Solution Distributor
Product types: LED lighting, Advanced Security & CCTV Surveillance.
Address: T1-L27-B, Boulevard, Jalan SS12/1 Wangsa Baiduri, Subang Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia 47500
Telephone: +60356350885
FAX: +60356364898
Web Site: http://www.focus.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Focus Smart Technologies Sdn Bhd

Shanghai Roy Solar Co., Ltd.


Established in 2000, based in Shanghai, China, ROY SOLAR is the specialist of solar electric power for the areas where there are electricity problem, but with good sunlight power, such as Africa, South America, South-east Asia, etc. Products range: from Solar Lighting Kit to Total Solar Power System Solution.
Business type: manufacturer, exporter, system design, system installation
Product types: solar street lights, solar electric power systems, DC To AC Power Inverters, solar electric charge controllers (PV charge controllers), battery, photovoltaic modules (solar PV panels, PV modules), solar pumping system, wind turbine.
Address: 3F BUILDING E no. 70 SHENG Fu Road jiu Ting , Shanghai, China, Tunisia, Morocco, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Algeria, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Iraq, Brazil, Afghanistan, Haiti, Japan, Australia, Bangladesh, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Pakistan, France, Philippines, Russia, United Kingdom, USA, Argentina 201615
Telephone: 86-13917567367
FAX: 86-21-67626946
Web Site: http://www.roysolar.com/
E-mail: Send Email to Shanghai Roy Solar Co., Ltd.
More info at http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/

Alb LED Sales & Services

Green Technology Lights create new generation lights source by LED Sales & Services, Malaysia
Business type: retail sales, importer, distributor
Product types: LED light bulbs, LED lighting, HID lamps, alternative home and building construction materials, compact fluorescent lighting, energy efficient homes and buildings, Lighting, Wardrobe, Kitchen decoration, renovation, downlights, LED Strip.
Service types: consulting
Address: 68-01-01, Jalan 5/101C, Block H, Cheras Business Center, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 56000
Telephone: 03-91308772
FAX: 03-91309772
Web Site: http://www.albdot.com/
E-mail: Send Email to Alb LED Sales & Services

Solartech Sales & Service Sdn. Bhd.


Business type: manufacturer, retail sales, wholesale supplier, exporter, O.E.M
Product types: solar & electric water heating systems, heat pumps and calorifier, stainless steel and enamel tanks..
Address: 5, Jalan Teknologi 3/5, Kota Damansara, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia 47810
Telephone: +603 - 6157 4888
FAX: +603 - 6156 8988
Web Site: http://www.solartech.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Solartech Sales & Service Sdn. Bhd.

Solartif Sdn Bhd

We produce high quality crystalline-based photovoltaic modules ranging from 5W up to 210W. Our product has been tested and certified under IEC 61215 and Safety Test IEC61730 from accredited testing lab and TUV Intercert.
Business type: manufacturer, exporter
Product types: photovoltaic modules polycrystalline silicon, photovoltaic modules monocrystalline silicon, solar street lighting, solar water pumping systems.
Service types: consulting, project development services
Address: Lot D1 & D2, SME Bank Factory Complex, Chendering, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia 21080
Telephone: 609-6176059
FAX: 609-6226059
Web Site: http://www.solartif.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Solartif Sdn Bhd

NexusLED Green Technology Sdn Bhd

Design and manufacture of LED lighting products such as LED Street Lights, LED Low Bay Lights, LED Flood Lights Solar Powered LED Street Lights, LED Tube Lights and LED light modules for signage
Business type: manufacturer
Product types: LED lighting.
Address: 6, Jln Sri Sulong Selatan, Tmn Industri Sri Sulong, Batu Pahat, Johor Malaysia 83000
Telephone: 006074102159
FAX: 006074102206
Web Site: http://www.nexusled.com/
E-mail: Send Email to NexusLED Green Technology Sdn Bhd
More info at http://solarserdar.wordpress.com/

Zet Corporation Sdn Bhd


Zet Corporation Sdn Bhd, a leader of "Electrical Testing Lab, Consultant & Supply", "Green Building Index (GBI) Facilitator" & "Energy Consultant".
Business type: electric utility
Service types: consulting, testing services, certification services
Address: 9, Jalan SS 7/10 Kelana Jaya, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia 47301
Telephone: 03-7873 0784
FAX: 03-78730769
Web Site: http://www.zetcorp.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Zet Corporation Sdn Bhd

Sentientwave Technology Sdn. Bhd

SentientWave Technology Sdn Bhd brings together an experienced team with complementary skills and dedication to creating an exceptional business. SentientWave specialises in Green Technology Solutions and the fields of Auto-identification ('Auto-ID") especially in RFID Technology Solutions. We have invested in Research and Development (R&D) and coupled with our vast experiences and expertise in the relevant fields of RFID and Green Technology in providing end-to-end RFID Solutions, sensor technology systems and environmentally effective Green Technology Solutions. Sentientwave has established strategic partnerships with numerous global Corporations, such as LS Industrial Systems Co., Ltd. (LSIS), a worldwide manufacturing conglomerate based...
Business type: Manufacturer, Retail sales, Wholesale supplier, Importer, Distributor, Electric utility
Product types: Energy efficient lighting, LED lighting, LED light bulbs, LED Street Light, LED Display, Photovoltaic module components, Electric cars, Photovoltaic modules monocrystalline silicon, Inverters, Charging Infra, .
Service types: Consulting, design, Installation, Project development services, Education and training services, Research services, contractor services, Maintenance and repair services
Address: No C1-12, Jalan Excella 1, Off Jalan Ampang Putra, Taman Ampang Hilir, Ampang, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 55100
Telephone: +603 4270 9704
FAX: +603 4270 9539
Web Site: http://www.sentientwave.com/
E-mail: Send Email to Sentientwave Technology Sdn. Bhd

Detroit Electric Holdings Ltd

Detroit Electric Holdings Ltd is one of the leaders of the electric car revolution. We manufacture efficient and environmentally friendly, high performance, long range Pure Electric Vehicles and drive-systems to the global marketplace. Detroit Electric's product plans range from high performance sports cars to stylish sedans capable of driving over 320 km / 200 miles in a single charge. Detroit Electric Holdings Ltd invented and patented the Magnetic Flux Motor Technology for the motor drive train. The company also owns the intellectual property for the Motor Controller Program. Since its launch, Detroit Electric has been dedicated to developing new technologies and establishing strategic partnerships that leverage existing manufacturing ca...
Business type: manufacturer
Product types: electric cars.
Address: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Web Site: http://detroit-electric.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Detroit Electric Holdings Ltd
More info at http://www.solar-serdar.com/

Econet Resource Services

We sell and install a proven, affordable, latest technology and highly effective high voltage Electric Fencing Security System to protect your property. It is the first line of defense and the ability to detect and respond to break-ins or intrusion immediately. The intruder will get a short, sharp, painful but non-lethal, safe high voltage (5, 000 volts - 10, 000 volts) electric shock once the intruder touches or cut any of the electric fence wires and an alarm will immediately triggered. The high voltage Electric Fencing Security System can be installed to any existing fence, existing brick wall, gates, building, roofs and all types of existing perimeter fences. Econet Resource Services, MalaysiaEmail: (Mr. )Direct: 6016-4848211
Product types: Electrical fencing Security & Alarm System, MalaysiaPagar ElektrikSistem Pagar Elektrik.
Service types: installation
Address: Block 6-4-17 Taman Air Itam, Lebuh Padang Tembak, Georgetown, Penang Malaysia 11400
Telephone: 6016-4848211
FAX: 604-8279878
Web Site: http://www.econet.net.my/
E-mail: Send Email to Econet Resource Services

Wsl Energy Engineering Sdn Bhd

Clean energy specialist.
Business type: Solar specialist Engineering
Product types: photovoltaic systems, photovoltaic systems residential, photovoltaic systems commercial, solar lighting systems, solar street lighting, solar garden lights, HIGH EFFICIENCY LED LIGHTS.
Service types: design, installation, engineering, project development services, contractor services
Address: No. 96-A & 96-B Jalan Ss 14/1, Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia 47500
Telephone: 03 - 5611 1223 / 03 5631 5415
FAX: 03 - 5611 1223 / 03 5631 5415
Web Site: http://www.wslenergy.com/
E-mail: Send Email to Wsl Energy Engineering Sdn Bhd

Seventech (hk) Ltd

Seventech is the group company of Lights 7, our Hq is based in Hong Kong and manufacturing plant is in Shenzhen. We are specialize in LED product such as Spotlight, Downlight, Decor Light, Street Lights, Tunnel Lights & Flood Lights. Our lights are CE and ROHS compliance to provide international standard and Quality Assured. Lights 7 only used genuine and reliable LED chip from top Semiconductor Manufacturer in World such as CREE Chip form US, EDISON Chip from Taiwan & SSC Chip from Korea. Beside that we are also looking for Local distributor or business partner or any other business to business opporturnities. Lights 7 bring life for hopes.
Business type: manufacturer, retail sales, wholesale supplier, importer
Product types: LED lighting, LED light bulbs.
Service types: consulting
Address: C1-1-3A, Solaris Mont Kiara, No. 1 jalan Dutamas, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Malaysia 50480
Telephone: 0060362055188/60173231001
FAX: 0060362055188
Web Site: http://www.seventech.com.hk/
E-mail: Send Email to Seventech (hk) Ltd

DS Technology & Services Sdn Bhd

Business type: distributor
Product types: meters and measuring equipment, LED lighting, LED light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs, fluorescent lighting, fluorescent lighting fixtures and ballasts, Marketing Konica Minolta range of color measurement instrument for measurement of brightness, chromaticity, dominant wavelength, purity etc. .
Service types: maintenance and repair services
Address: No. L-1-29, Blk L, Jalan PJU 1A/1, Taipan 2 Ara Damansara, , Petaling Jaya, , Selangor D E Malaysia 47301
Telephone: +603-7842 7981
FAX: +603-7842 7980
Web Site: http://www.dstech.com.my/
E-mail: Send Email to DS Technology & Services Sdn Bhd

ERS Energy

Business type: exporter, importer
Product types: photovoltaic systems residential, photovoltaic systems commercial, photovoltaic systems, solar lighting systems, telecommunications power systems, solar street lighting.
Service types: consulting, design, installation, construction, engineering, research services, site survey and assessment services, contractor services, maintenance and repair services, testing services, certification services
Address: No. 15, Jalan 5/1, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Malaysia 46000
Telephone: 03-77852787
FAX: 03-79560061

Malaysian Solar Resources Sdn. Bhd

Business type: manufacturer, exporter
Product types: photovoltaic modules monocrystalline silicon, photovoltaic modules polycrystalline silicon, photovoltaic systems building integrated BIPV.
Address: Lot 74369, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia 26300
Telephone: +6095668131
FAX: +6095669131
Skymolite (M) Sdn Bhd
Business type: manufacturer, exporter, importer, distributor
Product types: LED lighting, natural daylighting, generators gasoline, air cooling systems, DC lighting, LED light bulbs, Lighting Tower.
Service types: installation, contractor services, maintenance and repair services
Address: 20, Jalan SS26/21, Taman Mayang Jaya, , Petaling Jaya, Selangor D E Malaysia 47301
Telephone: +60166800078
FAX: +60378054355

SunStar Technology Sdn. Bhd.

Business type: retail sales, wholesale supplier, exporter
Product types: solar water heating systems, photovoltaic systems, DC lighting, DC powered appliances, Stand-alone Solar Powered Systems (Power supply for rural housing, Solar Powered Street Lamps, etc).
Service types: installation
Address: 40-4 (3rd Floor) Jalan 11/116B, Kuchai Entrepreneurs' Park, , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 58200
Telephone: 03-79801057
FAX: 03-79801057
More info at http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/

Croatian Center of Renewable Energy Sources (CCRES)

Željko Serdar
Head of business association

solarserdar@gmail.com

SOLAR SERDAR ENERGETSKI INFO CENTRI

HRVATSKI CENTAR OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE i SOLAR SERDAR 


ENERGETSKI INFO CENTRI

LINKOVI

Partnerske organizacije
Ministarstvo gospodarstva, rada i poduzetništva (MINGORP)
Hrvatska agencija za malo gospodarstvo (HAMAG)
Hrvatska gospodarska komora (HGK)
Hrvatska obrtnička komora (HOK)
Hrvatska udruga poslodavaca (HUP)

Europska Unija
Delegacija Europske komisije u Republici Hrvatskoj
Europski portal za malo i srednje poduzetništvo (na engleskom jeziku)
Europska poduzetnička mreža (na engleskom jeziku)

Ostali dionici u osam područja

Zaštita tržišnog natjecanja / Državne potpore
Agencija za zaštitu tržišnog natjecanja

Zaštita potrošača
MINGORP Odjel za zaštitu potrošača
Državni inspektorat

Zaštita okoliša
Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša, prostornog uređenja i graditeljstva
Agencija za zaštitu okoliša
Fond za zaštitu okoliša i energetsku učinkovitost

Prava intelektualnog vlasništva
Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa
Državni ured za intelektualno vlasništvo

Javna nabava
MINGORP Uprava za javne nabave

Norme za poljoprivredne proizvode
Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, ribarstva i ruralnog razvoja
Hrvatski zavod za norme
Hrvatska agencija za hranu

Norme za industrijske proizvode
Hrvatski zavod za norme
Hrvatska akreditacijska agencija

Hrvatski portali za poduzetništvo
Poslovni navigator
Moja uprava
HITPOP (Hrvatski internetski portal za obrazovanje u poduzetništvu)

Ostale hrvatske poslovne organizacije
Udruga poslovnih savjetnika (UPS)
Poslovno inovacijski centar Hrvatske
Hrvatsko udruženje menadžera i poduzetnika
Hrvatska udruga poslovnih žena
Hrvatski izvoznici
Nacionalno vijeće za konkurentnost
Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva
Agencija za promicanje izvoza i ulaganja (APIU)

Procjena učinaka
Ured za koordinaciju sustava procjene učinka propisa / HITROREZ
Europska komisija – Procjena učinaka
Centar za regulaciju i tržišno natjecanje, Sveučilište u Manchesteru

HRVATSKI CENTAR OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE
promovira neke od tvrtki u Hrvatskoj koje potiču energetsku efikasnost

AgramTrade
od 1995 god. posluje na području uvoza i distribucije proizvoda visoke tehnologije te posjeduje veliko iskustvo u implementaciji novih tehnologija , distribuciji slike i zvuka te implementaciji KNX standarda u području kućne automatizacije. Tijekom 2009. postaju zastupnik i distributer tvrtke Fawoo, globalnog lidera u razvoju i proizvodnji LED rasvjetne tehnologije. LED žarulje koriste najnaprednija tehnološka rješenja zaštićena međunarodnim patentnim pravima, koje dodatno pospješuju svjetlosnu učinkovitost. U ponudi poduzeća su potpuna rješenja LED rasvjetne tehnike za interijere i eksterijere, lampe za uličnu i tunelsku rasvjetu, LED rasvjeta u S/EX standardu…

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 65 88 012
info@agramtrade.hr
www.fawoo.com

Alutermik d.o.o.
je hrvatski proizvođač aluminijske stolarije koji je ujedno distributer i montažer proizvoda austrijske tvrtke Internorm. Internorm proizvodi su visoko kvalitetni prozori i vrata – PVC, PVC-aluminij, drvo-aluminij s naglaskom na energetsku efikasnost proizvoda. Internorm građevinska stolarija namijenjena je gradnji ili adaptaciji pasivnih, niskoenergetskih objekata kao i onih sa visokim stupnjem izolacije. Posebnu pomoć pri odabiru može pružiti njihov online izračun uštede energije u slučaju zamjene postojećih s nekim od prozora/vrata u ponudi Internorma, kao i osoblje u najvećem salonu građevne stolarije – Savska cesta 144a, Zagreb.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 619 1445
alutermik@alutermik.hr
www.alutermik.hr

Brunata
je specijalizirana danska tvrtka s preko 85 godina iskustva u izradi individualnih obračuna utroška grijanja i vode. U svom proizvodnom programu, Brunata nudi optimalna rješenja za uštedu energije: multifunkcionalne uređaje za razdiobu utroška topline i vode (razdjelnike) te mjerenje, očitavanje i obračun potrošnje.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 4839 053
brunata@brunata.hr
www.brunata.hr

Bosch
Kućanski uređaji robne marke Bosch već 75 godina predstavljaju sinonim za razvojnu kompetenciju, tehničku kvalitetu i pouzdanost. 1933. godine Bosch je predstavio prvi kućanski uređaj – hladnjak, da bi se u sljedećim se desetljećima izbor uređaja stalno povećavao do te mjere da je Bosch postao vodeća robna marka kućanskih uređaja u Europi. Izumiteljski tehnički duh i daljnji razvoj igraju središnju ulogu u tome da tehnika omogući korisnicima postizanje makismalnih mogućnosti. Glavna je nit vodilja tvrtke odgovornost za ljude, društvo i okoliš, što također predstavlja pokretačku snagu za stalan razvoj proizvoda i usluga.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 2958 105
informacije.prodaja@bshg.com
www.bosch-home.com/hr

Danfoss
je vodeći proizvođač regulacijskih uređaja za sustave grijanja i najveći svjetski proizvođač radijatorskih termostata. Posjeduje veliko iskustvo u u postavljanju energetski učinkovitog sustava grijanja i hlađenja, kako u novogradnji, tako i u projektima renovacije. Primjenom naprednih tehnologija i ekološki osviještenim procesima proizvodnje, Danfoss promovira odgovorno poslovanje, istovremeno nudeći širok asortiman proizvoda koji potiču energetsku efikasnost.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 606 40 73
danfoss.hr@danfoss.com
www.danfoss.com/Croatia/

Eko Međimurje d.d.
tvrtka je sa stoljetnom tradicijom proizvodnje opeke koju su oplemenili stvaranjem domaće robne marke EKOBLOK i EKOTHERM. Izgradnja doma EKOBLOK i EKOTHERM opekom investicija je u udobno i zdravo stanovanje jer su proizvodi izrađeni od prirodne gline bez umjetnih dodataka, a njihova odlična termoizolacijska svojstva garantiraju ugodnu klimu tokom cijele godine. Kompletan opekarski asortiman certificiran je prema eu normi EN 771 što omogućuje izvoz u zemlje EU. Svoju stručnost su također dokazali u proizvodnji metalnih i plastičnih kabina, dijelova za građevinske strojeve kao i u zadovoljavanju svih specifični zahtjeva kupaca inozemnog tržišta. Proizvodni proces u potpunosti je usklađen sustavom upravljanja kvalitetom ISO 9001:2000 i sustavom upravljanja ISO 14001.

Kontakt telefon: +385 40 343 339; +385 40 343 341
eko@eko.hr
www.eko.hr

Energy PLUS d.o.o.
sa sjedištem u Ludbregu, vodeće je poduzeće u Hrvatskoj, za proizvodnju, planiranje, projektiranje i prodaju sustava primjene obnovljivih izvora energije, s posebnim naglaskom na fotonaponske solarne energetske sustave svih veličina i upotrebu LED rasvjete u osvjetljenju prometnica, otvorenih i zatvorenih prostora, vodeći računa o energetskoj efikasnosti. Stručnost i osposobljenost zaposlenika te primjena najsuvremenijih tehnologija u vlastitim proizvodima i proizvodima svjetski renomiranih proizvođača opreme za energetske sustave, jamče sigurnost i dugovječnost sustava i svih proizvoda EnergyPLUS-a.

Kontakt telefon: +385 42 40 40 40
info@energyplus.hr
www.energyplus.hr

Fero-Term
osnovana je 1991. godine u Zagrebu i trenutno je jedan od vodećih distributera kupaonske opreme i sanitarija te opreme za centralno grijanje u Hrvatskoj. U sklopu bogatog asortimana proizvoda tvrtka Fero-Term nudi dizajnerske brendove visoke kvalitete namijenjene funkcionalnom i stiliziranom uređenju svih dijelova doma. Svaki proizvod u ponudi zadovoljava visoke stilske standarde i odlikuje se vrhunskom tehnologijom, pouzdanošću i ekološkom osviještenošću. Poseban naglasak tvrtka Fero-Term stavlja na kontinuirano praćenje svjetskih trendova te inteligentna i efikasna rješenja koja uz energetsku učinkovitost nude vrhunsku kvalitetu, pouzdanost kao i originalan dizajn.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6651 666
info@fero-term.hr
www.fero-term.hr

HEP ESCO d.o.o.
je tvrtka za pružanje usluga u energetici koja razvija, izvodi i financira projekte energetske učinkovitosti na tržišnom utemeljenju. Kratica ESCO - Energy Service Company u Svijetu je prepoznatljivo ime za tvrtke koje pružaju cjelovitu uslugu u energetici s otplatom kroz uštede. Usluga obuhvaća razvoj, izvedbu i financiranje projekata na način da se kroz uštede u troškovima za energente i održavanje ostvari povrat investicije. Projekti uključuju modernizaciju, rekonstrukciju i obnovu postojećih postrojenja i objekata, a područja poslovanja mogu se podijeliti na javni i privatni sektor, odnosno zgradarstvo, javnu rasvjetu, industriju i sustave opskrbe energijom.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6322 920
infohepesco@hep.hr
www.hepesco.hr

Herz Armaturen
jedan je od najznačajnijih europskih proizvođača termostatskih ventila, cijevnih i regulacijskih armatura za grijanje, hlađenje i pitku vodu, s iskustvom većim od 110 godina. U strateški dio proizvodnog programa uključena je i tehnika obnovljivih izvora energije koju čine kotlovi na biomasu, toplinske crpke i solarna tehnika gdje je HERZ tehnološki jedan od najboljih. Zajedno sa značajnim europskim proizvođačima sistemskih rješenja, HERZ Armaturen razvija koncepte po mjeri, za uštedu energije i smanjenje troškova pogona, primjenom tehnike obnovljivih izvora energije i regulacijske tehnike.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6607 356
ured@herzarmaturen.hr
www.herz-hr.com

HORVATIĆ d.o.o.
je tvrtka koja se od 1992. godine bavi proizvodnjom termičke solarne opreme. Vodeća je na našem tržištu u istraživanju i razvoju novih proizvoda, za što je i nagrađivana mnogim priznanjima i nagradama kao što su zlatna medalja Interklima 1999. i 2007.g. Tvrtka Horvatić osnovana je na temeljima 30 godišnjeg iskustva u montaži termičke solarne opreme, a u proizvodnji se nalaze sve komponente termičkog solarnog sustava prilagođene svim vrstama projekata za pripremu PTV-a, pomoći u grijanju prostora, za industrijske procese i sl.

U prostorima tvrtke nalazi se i ispitno edukacijski Solarni centar u kojem se održavaju razni seminari, radionice, predavanja na temu energetske učinkovitosti i iskorištavanja Sunčeve energije i drugih OIE.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 33 75 508
info@horvatic.hr
www.horvatic.hr

Knauf Insulation
je proizvođač izolacijskih materijala sa širokom paletom proizvoda kojima zadovoljava rastuću potrebu za uštedom energije i dobrim akustičkim svojstvima u kućama, komerciialnim zgradama i industrijskim postrojenjima. Proizvodi koji su u ponudi izrađeni su od recikliranih materijala te uključuju mineralne vune (kamena i staklena vuna) za toplinsku, zvučnu i protupožarnu izolaciju u graditeljstvu (izolacija kosih i ravnih krovova, fasada, pregradnih zidova i podova) i industriji (izolacija termo-tehničkih postrojenja, cjevovoda, klima-kanala i spremnika). Objekti izolirani mineralnom vunom troše i do 80% manje energije za grijanje i hlađenje od neizoliranih objekata te donose ogromne uštede i čuvaju okoliš.

Kontakt telefon: +385 42 401 345
knaufinsulation@knaufinsulation.hr
www.knaufinsulation.hr

KUPIN d.o.o.
poduzeće je osnovano prije 20 godina i specijalizirano je za izvedbu krovova. Izvođač je svih vrsta tesarskih, limarskih, hidroizolaterskih te krovopokrivačkih radova. Krovove pokriva sa limenim pokrovom u obliku crijepa, trapeznim limovima, sendvič panelima, a posebno sa “GERARD” crijepom te nudi 5 godina garancije na sve radove.

Kontakt telefon: +385 98 410 129
brkic@kupin.hr
www.kupin.hr

Miele&Cie.
već je 110 godina jedan od vodećih proizvođača kućanskih i profesionalnih uređaja. Miele uređaji uvijek zadovoljavaju vrhunske standarde kvalitete te se njihovi kupci mogu pouzdati u to da posjeduju i koriste sigurne i štedljive uređaje proizvedene prema visokim standardima uštede resursa i zaštite okoliša. Svake godine firma Miele&Cie. ulaže velika sredstva u istraživanja i daljnji razvoj što za rezultat ima proizvodnju uređaja koji postavljaju nove standarde. Uvijek inovativni, niske razine potrošnje i najveće energetske učinkovitosti, Miele uređaji uz iznimnu lakoću korištenja ostvaruju optimalne rezultate.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6689 000
info@miele.hr
www.miele.hr

OSRAM
je dio Siemens Industry sektora i jedan od dva vodeća svjetska proizvođača izvora svjetlosti na svim poljima primjene, od industrije do kućanstava , a predvodnik je i na području LED tehnologije te inovacija općenito. OSRAM je visoko-tehnološka tvrtka u industriji rasvjete. Više od 60% ukupnog prihoda OSRAM ostvaruje prodajom energetski učinkovitih proizvoda. Svojim „Global Care“ programom, Osram je jasno definirao svoju usmjerenost na socijalno i ekološki odgovorno ponašanje što dodatno potvrđuje i njegova pozicija jednog od lidera u inovativnim rasvjetnim rješenjima koja štede i racionalno koriste energiju.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 3032 000
info@osram.hr
www.osram.hr

Rockwool Adriatic
dio je Rockwool Grupe, vodećeg svjetskog proizvođača izolacije od kamene vune s preko 70 godina iskustva i 8000 zaposlenika u više od 30 zemalja svijeta. Rockwool izolacija od kamene vune pruža rješenja za energetski učinkovite zgrade s protupožarnom zaštitom i dobrom akustikom. Pažljivim projektiranjem potrošnju energije za grijanje i hlađenje u zgradama možemo smanjiti i do 90%. Rockwool proizvodi omogućavaju sigurniji i udobniji boravak u zgradama te niže energetske troškove. Rockwoolova izolacija koja se proizvede ove godine će, tijekom svog vijeka trajanja, smanjiti emisiju CO2 iz zgrada i industrijskih postrojenja diljem svijeta za više od 200 milijuna tona. Rockwool – protupožarna, toplinska i zvučna izolacija.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6052 145
info@rockwool.hr
www.rockwool.hr

Schiedel
je preko 60 godina vodeći proizvođač dimnjaka i dimnjačkih sistema na svijetu. Odlikuje se modernim i inovativnim proizvodnim programom, te visokom kvalitetom i trajnošću proizvoda koja je dokazana i potvrđena od strane ovlaštenih instituta. U proizvodnom programu možete pronaći sisteme dimnjaka s cijevi iz tehničke keramike, primjenjive u novogradnji, te sisteme dimnjaka iz nehrđajućeg čelika, primarno upotrebljive prilikom sanacije dimnjaka. Osim dimnjaka, u proizvodnom programu nudimo i sisteme ventilacija, nužne u svakom stambenom prostoru, te kamine Kingfire. Zahvaljujući takvom pristupu proizvodnji, stvaramo proizvode koji doprinose zaštiti okoliša, osiguravaju uštedu energije i novca.

Kontakt telefon: +385 49 382 600
dimnjak@schiedel.hr
www.schiedel.hr

Vades
folija centar specijalizirani je distributer zaštitnih folija za stakla. Prozorske folije su vrlo učinkovit način za korigiranje temperature prostora: ljeti smanjenju neželjenu sunčevu toplinu koja prolazi kroz prozore, zaustavljaju više od 99% štetnog UV-zračenja, smanjuju zagrijavanje, štede energiju te samim time smanjuju emisiju štetnih plinova. Zimi folije zadržavaju toplinu i reflektiraju je natrag, što može doprinjeti uštedi na troškovima grijanja. Primjenjuju se na većim građevinama, poslovnim zgradama i ostakljenim prostorima, ali i u kućanstvima, a posebna linija auto programa učinit će vožnju ugodnijom i potrošnju goriva uslijed uključivanja klima uređaja manjom.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6552 352
info@vades.hr
www.vades.hr

Vaillant GmbH
osnovana je 1874. godine i trenutno je vodeći europski proizvođač sustavnih rješenja za udobnost stanovanja. Vaillant nudi kompletan program za udobnost stanovanja i pripremu potrošne tople vode koristeći sve energente: plin, ulje, struju, zeolit (zeolit-toplinska crpka), vodik (gorivne ćelije) kao i obnovljive izvore energije: solar i toplinu zemlje, vode i zraka u sustavima toplinskih crpki.

Kontakt telefon: +385 1 6188 670
info@vaillant.hr
www.vaillant.hr

Velux
je vodeći proizvođač krovnih prozora, na tržištu prisutan preko 60 godina. Velux krovni prozori izdvajaju se provjerenom kvalitetom te svrstavaju među najbolje. Dostupni u trgovinama građevinskog materijala širom Hrvatske, krovni prozori su nadopunjeni velikom paletom sjenila, električnom opremom, solarnim panelima i vanjskim roletama. Tvrtka Velux može ponuditi ugradnju, prodaju, ali i savjetovanje o najboljem izboru krovnih prozora na domaćem tržištu.

Kontakt telefon: 0800 600 400
velux-hr@velux.com
www.velux.hr

Xella porobeton HR d.o.o.
je distributer građevinskog materijala od porobetona – YTONG-a. YTONG podrazumijeva asortiman elemenata za zidanje različitih dimenzija koji odlikuju vrhunska toplinska izolacija, iznimna nosivost, požarna otpornost, protupotresnost te višenamjenska upotreba. Jednostavan je za obradu te omogućuje veoma brzu gradnju. Objekti građeni YTONG-om su trajni, sigurni i zdravi, a ujedno izuzetno ekonomični – što je odličan argument za budžet, kao i za okoliš. Poseban projekt Xella koncerna je izgradnja niskoenergetskih i pasivnih kuća koje ciljano štede i racionalno koriste energetske resurse.

Kontakt telefon: 0800 7000; +385 1 3436 800
ytong-croatia@xella.com
www.xella.hr

HRVATSKI CENTAR OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE
i
SOLAR SERDAR

Željko Serdar
Voditelj poslovnog udruženja

solarserdar@gmail.com

RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR recommends GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ASSOCIATION

SOLAR serdar
RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR
recommends
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ASSOCIATION

About GEA
The Geothermal Energy Association is a trade association composed of U.S. companies who support the expanded use of geothermal energy and are developing geothermal Resources worldwide for electrical power generation and direct-heat uses.

Our members have offices or operations in many states and in numerous countries throughout the world.

To accomplish this, the GEA advocates for public policies that will promote the development and utilization of geothermal Resources, provides a forum for the industry to discuss issues and problems, encourages research and development to improve geothermal technologies, presents industry views to governmental organizations, provides assistance for the export of geothermal goods and services, compiles statistical data about the geothermal industry, and conducts education and outreach projects. More info at http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/.

1. Tax Incentives to Promote Industry Growth

Eliminate the construction deadline for the payment in lieu of tax credit grant program and extend its duration.
Extend the geothermal tax credits for at least six years to address the long development time-frame for geothermal projects and the need to build the supporting infrastructure for new projects and technology.

Extend the current PTC/ITC/ITC-Grant provisions for geothermal projects placed in service by 2016.
Extend the current PTC/ITC/ITC-Grant provisions to geothermal exploratory drilling.
2. Transmission

Work with collaborative state and regional efforts to ensure transmission networks and policies support new geothermal development.
Work collaboratively with other renewable groups to support policies and initiatives to promote needed transmission.
3. Leasing and Permitting Delays Challenge Geothermal Development

Seek oversight of delays facing geothermal development.
Engage in constructive efforts to streamline NEPA processing at the state, federal and local level.
4. New Federal Initiatives are Needed to Support Exploratory Geothermal Drilling

Extend the 30% ITC and ITC Grant to Exploratory Drilling.
Provide $200 million to DOE to fund all ARRA drilling applications.
Provide $500 million for a new Revolving Loan Fund to promote exploratory drilling and mapping of the nation's geothermal resource base.
Additional Priority Issues

Support long-term robust funding for DOE's geothermal technologies program that addresses the full spectrum of geothermal technologies and needs.
Support DOE/FERC and state transmission efforts.
Engage in the creation of strong state and national renewable electricity standards.
Support restoration of county share of geothermal royalties and long-term extension of BLM program's geothermal trust fund.More info at http://solarserdar.wordpress.com/

Geothermal Energy Expo 2010 Conference and Expo,October 24-27, 2010
Sacramento Convention Center
Sacramento, CA
Every year, the Geothermal Energy Expo® hosts the world's largest gathering of vendors providing support for geothermal resource exploration, characterization, development, production and management. It provides a unique opportunity for exhibitors to showcase their projects, equipment, services and state of the art technology to the geothermal community.

More than 2,500 attendees from 42 different states and 13 different countries came together in Sacramento for the 34th annual Geothermal Energy Expo, the largest gathering of geothermal energy leaders in the world. The sold out Expo Hall featured 162 exhibitors coming from 34 different states and 10 different countries. L eading companies including Halliburton, Ormat, Stoel Rives LLP, Shaw, Calpine, Geothermal Resource Group, Mitsubishi Power Systems, Enel Green Power, Gradient Resource, Power Engineers, Ruen Drilling Incorporated and Ram Power Corp were in attendance.

Congratulations to the Best in Show winners for 2011:
TNG Energy Services-- Best Creative Giveaway
ThermaSource-- Best In Show Audience Choice
Matrix Chemical Solutions-- Best in Show Small Booth
BM Holding-- Best in Show Large Booth


“The strong growth of the geothermal industry is clearly reflected in this expo, which continues to bring more and more people to see the promise that clean and renewable geothermal power presents.” said GEA Executive Director Karl Gawell. “It’s not just here at home. The U.S. is the leader in geothermal power, and other countries look to America for its expertise. That’s why we had representatives from across the globe at this year’s expo.”More info at http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/

With new geothermal power projects in progress in fifteen states from the Pacific to the Gulf Coast, the Geothermal Energy Expo has been rapidly expanding, with the number of exhibitors more than doubling since 2008. The 2010 expo showcased projects, equipment, services, and state of the art technology from exhibitors both international and domestic. The expo also brought new talent to the industry, with a virtual job fair connecting new applicants with the industry’s leading companies and complimentary admission available to college students.

Office Location
Geothermal Energy Association209 Pennsylvania Avenue SE,
Washington, DC 20003
Staff
Executive Director
Karl GawellPhone: (202) 454-5264
Email: karl@geo-energy.org

Business and Special Projects Manager
Mihaela-Daniela Stratulat Phone: (202) 454-5291
Email: daniela@geo-energy.org

Director of Outreach & Senior Editor
Leslie Blodgett Phone: (202) 454-5241
Email: leslie@geo-energy.org

Marketing and Events Manager
Kathy Kent Phone: (202) 454-5263
Email: kathy@geo-energy.org

Western States Representative
John McCaullEmail: john@geo-energy.org

Research Associate
Dan JennejohnEmail: danj@geo-energy.org

Assistant to the Executive Director
Alison Holm Phone: (202) 454-5256
Email: alison@geo-energy.org

Renewable Energy Center
SOLAR SERDARŽeljko Serdar
Head of business association
solarserdar@gmail.com
www.solar-serdar.com

RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR promote GREEN PRODUCT - BIOMASS (croatian text)

SOLAR serdar
RENEWABLE ENERGY CENTER SOLAR SERDAR
promote
GREEN PRODUCT - BIOMASS

Biomasa (eng. biomass, njem. Biomasse) je u raznim izvornicima različito određena, ali se kao osnovna može navesti odrednica prema Uredbi o graničnim vrijednostima emisije onečišćujućih tvari u zrak iz stacionarnih izvora (NN 140/97): ‘Biomasa je gorivo koje se dobiva od biljaka ili dijelova biljaka kao što su drvo, slama, stabljike žitarica, ljušture itd.'

Biomasa je obnovljivi izvor energije, a općenito se može podijeliti na drvnu, nedrvnu i životinjski otpad, unutar čega se mogu razlikovati:

drvna biomasa (ostaci iz šumarstva, otpadno drvo)
drvna uzgojena biomasa (brzorastuće drveće)
nedrvna uzgojena biomasa (brzorastuće alge i trave)
ostaci i otpaci iz poljoprivrede
životinjski otpad i ostaci.
Danas se primjena biomase za proizvodnju energije potiče uvažavajući načelo održivog razvoja. Najčešće se koristi drvna masa koja je nastala kao sporedni proizvod ili otpad te ostaci koji se ne mogu više iskoristiti. Takva se biomasa koristi kao gorivo u postrojenjima za proizvodnju električne i toplinske energije ili se prerađuje u plinovita i tekuća goriva za primjenu u vozilima i kućanstvima. Postoje razne procjene potencijala i uloge biomase u globalnoj energetskoj politici u budućnosti, no u svim se scenarijima predviđa njezin značajan porast i bitno važnija uloga .Za usporedbu može poslužiti podatak kako je 1990. godine potrošnja energije u svijetu iznosila 376,8 EJ, a 2050. godine se prema raznim scenarijima očekuje potrošnja od 586 do 837 EJ.
Više informacija na www.solar-serdar.com

BIODIZEL
Metilni ester repičinog ulja , poznatiji pod trgovačkim nazivom biodizel, dobiva se od ulja uljane repice ili recikliranog otpadnog jestivog ulja. Kemijski se opisuje kao monoalkoholni ester. Kroz proces esterifikacije, biljno ulje reagira s metanolom i natrijevim hidroksidom kao katalizatorom te nastaje ester masnih kiselina zajedno s ostalim nusproduktima: glicerolom, gliceridskim talogom i sapunom. Biodizel pripada skupini derivata srednje dugih, C 16 - C 18 lančanih masnih kiselina. Te molekule pokazuju strukturnu sličnost s molekulama mineralnog dizelskog goriva.

Biodizel je gorivo za motorna vozila koje se dobiva od repičinog ulja ili drugih biljnih ulja esterifikacijom s metanolom. Pri tome nastaje gorivo koje ima svojstva jednaka onima klasičnog dizela iz mineralnog ulja. Može se koristiti u potpunosti kao zamjena za mineralni dizel ili kao smjesa s njim u različitim omjerima. Visoka mazivost biodizela u usporedbi s mineralnim uzrokuje manje trošenje klipova, brtvenih prstenova, stijenki cilindara i preciznih dijelova crpke za ubrizgavanje. Pri primjeni ponajviše treba na umu imati sljedeća osnovna svojstva:

biodizel se može primijeniti gotovo u svakom dizelskom motoru, pri čemu za sam pogon vozilo ne zahtijeva nikakve izmjene
cijevi za gorivo i za povrat goriva iz crpke te brtve koje dolaze u dodir s gorivom treba zamijeniti materijalima prikladnima za biodizel kao što je fluor-kaučuk (trgovački naziv Viton), poznat i kao FPM-ECO-ECO, jer agensi u biodizelu, pogotovo pri povišenoj temperaturi, u roku od 6 do 10 mjeseci mogu uzrokovati propuštanje cijevi
biodizel je agresivan prema laku za karoserije pa pri ulijevanju goriva treba odmah obrisati poškropljene površine
ako se prethodno koristilo samo konvencionalno dizelsko gorivo, nakon prvih 1 do 2 punjenja spremnika biodizelom valja zamijeniti filtar za gorivo, zbog toga što biodizel može otopiti nečistoće zadržane u njemu
u pojedinim slučajevima može doći do razrjeđivanja motornog ulja i to kada je motor dulje vrijeme bio vožen samo s malim opterećenjem jer kao i kod konvencionalnog dizela, dolazi do prodora neizgorenog goriva u motorno ulje te slijedi razrjeđivanje, a tada treba skratiti rokove za izmjenu ulja koje proizvođač inače preporučuje
moguće je smanjenje snage motora za 3 do 5%, što povlači i proporcionalni porast potrošnje goriva
biodizel je bez aditiva zimi prikladan za primjenu na temperaturama ne nižima od -8 °C.
Više informacija na http://solarserdar.blogspot.com/

BIOPLIN
Bioplin (eng. biogas, njem. Biogas) nastaje procesom anaerobnog truljenja biomase i najčešće se sastoji od oko 60% metana, 35% CO 2 te 5% smjese vodika, dušika, amonijaka, sumporovodika, CO, kisika i vodene pare. Dobiveni se bioplin najčešće koristi za dobivanje toplinske i/ili električne energije izgaranjem u kotlovima, plinskim motorima ili turbinama.

Njegova su svojstva kao goriva u uskoj vezi s udjelom metana. Ogrjevna je vrijednost izravno proporcionalna količini metana, a zbog ugljičnog dioksida manja je količina zraka potrebnog za izgaranje. Ogrjevna vrijednost bioplina kreće se od 25 do 26 MJ/m 3 normnom. Više informacija na http://solarserdar.wordpress.com/

ALKOHOLNA GORIVA
Etanol se može proizvoditi od tri osnovne vrste biomase:

šećera (od šećerne trske, melase)
škroba (od kukuruza)
celuloze (od drva, poljoprivrednih ostataka).
Sirovine bogate šećerima vrlo su pogodne za proizvodnju etanola, budući da već sadržavaju jednostavne šećere glukozu i fruktozu koji mogu fermentirati izravno u etanol. Sirovine bogate škrobom sadržavaju velike molekule ugljikovodika koje treba razložiti na jednostavne šećere procesom saharifikacije. To zahtijeva još jednu fazu u procesu proizvodnje što povećava troškove. Ugljikovodici u sirovinama bogatim celulozom sastavljeni su od još većih molekula i trebaju se konvertirati u šećere koji mogu fermentirati kiselom ili enzimatskom hidrolizom. Najznačajnije biljne vrste koje se uzgajaju za proizvodnju etanola su šećerna trska, slatki sirak, cassava i kukuruz.

Osnovne faze u procesu proizvodnje etanola su:

priprema sirovine
fermentacija
destilacija etanola.
Priprema sirovine je zapravo hidroliza molekula škroba enzimima u šećer koji može fermentirati. Uobičajena tehnologija za proizvodnju etanola je fermentacija u peći s običnim kvascem za proizvodnju 8 do 10%-tnog alkohola nakon 24 do 72 h fermentacije. Nakon toga slijedi destilacija tog alkohola u nekoliko faza čime se dobiva 95%-tni etanol. Za proizvodnju posve čistog etanola, kakav se koristi za miješanje s benzinom, dodaje se benzen i nastavlja destilacija te se dobiva 99,8%-tni etanol.

Vodeća zemlja u proizvodnji i primjeni etanola za vozila je Brazil, u kojem se svake godine proizvede više od 15 milijardi l. Oko 15% brazilskih vozila se kreće na čisti etanol, dok preostala koriste 20%-tnu smjesu s benzinom. Etanol se počeo proizvoditi kako bi se smanjila brazilska ovisnost o inozemnoj nafti i otvorilo dodatno tržište domaćim proizvođačima šećera. U SAD-u etanolske smejse čine oko 9% ukupne godišnje prodaje benzina i pretpostavlja se kako su američka vozila od 1979. godine do danas prešla približno 3 trilijuna km koristeći etanolske smjese.
Za proizvodnju metanola mogu se koristiti sirovine s visokim udjelom celuloze kao što je drvo i neki ostaci iz poljoprivrede. Tehnologija je posve različita od one za proizvodnju etanola. Proizvodnja se odvija u dvije faze. U prvoj se sirovina konvertira u plinoviti međuproizvod iz kojeg se sintetizira metanol. Faza sinteze metanola je dobro poznata i komercijalno dokazana, dok je faza rasplinjavanja još u razvoju. Takva istraživanja se provode u zemljama s velikim drvnim potencijalom kao što su Švedska i Brazil, a primjena takvih postrojenja se očekuje uskoro.

Po mnogim su svojstvima etanol i metanol vrlo slični benzinu. Etanol se može koristiti u motorima s unutarnjim izgaranjem uz dodavanje benzinu ili kao njegova potpuna zamjena. Za dodavanje do 20% etanola u benzin nisu potrebne nikakve preinake ni zahvati na motoru, dok za dodavanje većeg udjela ili za pogon samo na etanol treba djelomično modificirati motor što poskupljuje cijenu takvih vozila za oko 5 do 10%. Slično kao etanol, metanol se može koristiti kao dodatak benzinu ili kao posebno gorivo. Zbog ponešto drukčijeg načina izgaranja nego benzin mogu se pojaviti određene poteškoće koje se rješavaju dodavanjem određenih dodataka. Više informacija na http://solarserdarblogspot.com/

DRVNA MASA
Osnovne su značajke pri primjeni šumske ili drvne biomase kao energenta jednake kao kod svakog goriva:

kemijski sastav
ogrjevna vrijednost (ogrjevnost)
temperatura samozapaljenja
temperatura izgaranja
fizikalna svojstva koja utječu na ogrjevnost (npr. gustoća, mokrina i dr).
Temeljna veličina za proračun energije iz određene količine drva jest njegova ogrjevnost (ogrjevna vrijednost). Najveći utjecaj na nju ima mokrina (vlažnost, udio vlage), potom kemijski sastav, gustoća i zdravost drva. Za naše podneblje i vrste drveća važno je za njegovu ogrjevnost utvrditi ubraja li se ono u listače ili četinjače, odnosno u meko ili tvrdo drvo, jer je udio pojedinih sastojaka pri tome različit, a različita je i tvar koja se može koristiti kao gorivo.

Jedan od problema koji se pojavljuje pri određivanju toplinske energije dobivene iz šumske biomase predstavlja pretvorba prostornih u kubične metre. Više informacija na www.solar-serdar.com

NEDRVNA MASA
Na ogrjevne vrijednosti nedrvne biomase podjednako utječu udio vlage i pepela. Udio pepela u nedrvenim biljnim ostacima može iznositi i do 20% pa značajno utječe na ogrjevnost. Općenito, supstance koje čine pepeo nemaju nikakvu energetsku vrijednost.

Osim ostale nedrvne biomase, u Hrvatskoj bi osobitu važnost mogli imati ostaci žitarica. Iskustva iz razvijenih zemalja, u Europi osobito Danske, pokazuju kako se radi o vrijednom izvoru energije koji se ne bi trebao zanemariti. Ilustrativan je stoga sljedeći primjer. Nakon berbe kukuruza na obrađenom zemljištu ostaje kukuruzovina, stablijika s lišćem, oklasak i komušina. Budući da je prosječni odnos zrna i mase (tzv. žetveni omjer) 53% : 47%, proizlazi kako biomase približno ima koliko i zrna. Ako se razluče kukuruzovina i oklasak, tada je njihov odnos prosječno 82% : 18%, odnosno na proizvedenu 1 t zrna kukuruza dobiva se i 0,89 t biomase kukuruza što čine 0,71 t kukuruzovine i 0,18 t oklaska. Iako je neosporno kako se nastala biomasa mora prvenstveno vraćati u zemlju, preporučuje se zaoravanje između 30 i 50% te mase, što znači da za energetsku primjenu ostaje najmanje 30%.

HRVATSKI CENTAR OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA ENERGIJE
SOLAR SERDAR

Željko Serdar
Voditelj poslovnog udruželja
solarserdar@gmail.com
www.solar-serdar.com